All-St3R SLAM: Real-time RGB Dynamic SLAM with Pixel-wise Motion Masking

Robust visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (vSLAM) in dynamic environments faces challenges due to the presence of moving objects that may introduce erroneous observations, corrupt the map reconstruction and overall degrade localization accuracy. Existing vSLAM approaches often rely on predefined semantic classes or costly pixel-wise classification, limiting their robustness or applicability in real-world scenarios. This paper presents CAOS-SLAM, a dynamic vSLAM framework that extends ORB-SLAM3 with a hybrid perception pipeline to detect, track, and filter both semantically known and previously unseen moving objects in real-time. On-demand panoptic segmentation is performed for object discovery, with candidate unknown objects instantiated through depth-based clustering of unclassified regions. Between panoptic updates, persistent object tracks are updated using lightweight detection when available or temporal mask propagation based on world-frame Kalman prediction, depth consistency, and appearance similarity. The estimated object motion is then used to reject dynamic features from the SLAM pipeline. Experimental results on multiple dynamic RGB-D datasets and real-world experiments demonstrate improved localization accuracy over state-of-the-art dynamic vSLAM approaches, achieving up to 59% lower localization error in scenes characterized by unknown dynamic objects and up to 88% lower error in heavily occluded scenes, while achieving a median processing rate of 30 FPS on a laptop. Furthermore, the tracking module provides estimates of object trajectories and velocities, supporting potential future applications in perception, navigation, and motion-planning tasks in dynamic environments. Code and dataset will be released upon acceptance.

Many existing visual SLAM methods can achieve high localization accuracy in dynamic environments by leveraging deep learning to mask moving objects. However, these methods incur significant computational overhead as the camera tracking needs to wait for the deep neural network to generate mask at each frame, and they typically require GPUs for real-time operation, which restricts their practicality in real-world robotic applications. Therefore, this paper proposes a real-time dynamic SLAM system that runs exclusively on a CPU. Our approach incorporates a mask propagation mechanism that decouples camera tracking and deep learning-based masking for each frame. We also introduce a hybrid tracking strategy that integrates ORB features with optical flow methods, enhancing both robustness and efficiency by selectively allocating computational resources to input frames. Compared to previous methods, our system maintains high localization accuracy in dynamic environments while achieving a tracking frame rate of 60 FPS on a laptop CPU. These results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing deep learning for dynamic SLAM without GPU support. Since most existing dynamic SLAM systems are not open-source, we make our code publicly available at: https://github.com/yuhaozhang7/NGD-SLAM

We present a robust, real-time RGB SLAM system that handles dynamic environments by leveraging differentiable Uncertainty-aware Bundle Adjustment. Traditional SLAM methods typically assume static scenes, leading to tracking failures in the presence of motion. Recent dynamic SLAM approaches attempt to address this challenge using predefined dynamic priors or uncertainty-aware mapping, but they remain limited when confronted with unknown dynamic objects or highly cluttered scenes where geometric mapping becomes unreliable. In contrast, our method estimates per-pixel uncertainty by exploiting multi-view visual feature inconsistency, enabling robust tracking and reconstruction even in real-world environments. The proposed system achieves state-of-the-art camera poses and scene geometry in cluttered dynamic scenarios while running in real time at around 10 FPS. Code and datasets are available at https://github.com/MoyangLi00/DROID-W.git.