Lightweight Machine Learning for Classifying Disaster-Related Social Media Posts

Semi-supervised learning approaches have been investigated as a means to enhance the analysis of social media data in disaster management contexts. In this work, we present the first empirical evaluation of large language model (LLM) guided semi-supervised learning for crisis related tweet classification. We compare two recent LLM assisted semi-supervised methods, VerifyMatch and LLM guided Co-Training ( LG-CoTrain), against established semi-supervised baselines. Our results show that LG-CoTrain significantly outperforms classical semi-supervised approaches in low resource settings with 5, 10 and 25 labeled examples per class, achieving the highest averaged Macro F1 across events. VerifyMatch achieves competitive performance while also demonstrating strong calibration properties. As the number of labeled examples increases, the performance gap narrows and Self Training emerges as a strong baseline. We further observe that compact semi-supervised models can, in some cases, outperform very large LLMs operating in zero-shot settings. This finding highlights the potential of transferring knowledge from LLMs into smaller and more deployable models through LLM guided semi-supervised learning, offering a practical pathway for real world disaster response applications. Our project repository on Github is here.

Rapid extraction of structured information from social media is important for humanitarian response, yet existing disaster tweet resources mainly provide document-level category labels without span-level entity annotations. We introduce HUMAID-NER, the first named entity recognition dataset built on the HumAID benchmark, containing 60,000 English disaster tweets annotated in BIO format across ten operationally motivated entity types and yielding approximately 175,000 labelled entity spans. Annotations are generated through a reproducible three-stage hybrid pipeline combining a spaCy transformer model, disaster-domain EntityRuler patterns, and structured regular expressions with priority-based overlap resolution. We also propose a joint multitask learning framework that performs disaster-specific named entity recognition and humanitarian event classification using a shared RoBERTa-large encoder. To reduce task conflict during joint training, the model uses homoscedastic uncertainty weighting with learnable task parameters and a two-stage training schedule that freezes the lower 18 of 24 encoder layers in the second stage. On the HUMAID-NER validation set, the proposed system achieves NER span micro-F1 of 0.841 and classification macro-F1 of 0.761 simultaneously. A real-time web dashboard demonstrates end-to-end deployment. The dataset, models, and pipeline code are released to support reproducibility and future crisis informatics research.

Disaster social sensing converts public social-media posts into evidence for situational awareness and humanitarian response, but plausible LLM-generated posts can contaminate this information stream and distort assessments of needs, damage, and resource priorities. This study empirically investigates whether text-based detectors can distinguish human-authored from LLM-generated disaster posts and what textual cues underlie their judgments. We construct CrisisFake, a Qwen2.5-7B-based dataset of 12,000 texts organized into 3,000 matched semantic units from nine disasters. Each unit contains an original human post, a minimally LLM-proofread human post, a fact-preserving LLM-generated post produced using LoRA, and an affectively reframed version of the artificial post. A separate 6,000-text corpus spanning 42 disaster events is independently constructed to support model selection and threshold calibration. We evaluate OSM-Det, Fast-DetectGPT, Binoculars, and direct LLM judges across five model families, and further examine how disaster-domain calibration and superficial linguistic cues, such as retweet markers, user mentions, hashtags, URLs, punctuation, and text length, affect detector performance. Across fourteen frozen configurations, AUROC ranges from 0.402 to 0.517, while the best prospective recall at a calibration-derived low-false-positive operating point is only 3.6%, indicating near-chance discrimination. For OSM-Det, a disaster-calibrated linear head improves AUROC to 0.817; however, a seven-feature textual classifier alone reaches AUROC 0.784 on the original-versus-factual-LLM contrast, and neutralizing identified surface asymmetries reduces the corresponding linear-head AUROC from 0.733 to 0.594. These findings provide empirical evidence that LLM-generated text detection is largely driven by linguistic cues and remains insufficiently robust for short-form disaster social media.