Organizations: Peking University · Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence · NVIDIA · Tsinghua University · University of Wisconsin–Madison
Diffusion-based video generation models (VGMs) can produce visually plausible videos, yet their camera ego-motion often drifts over long horizons. Camera ego-motion determines how the viewpoint changes between frames and is essential for maintaining consistent geometry and trajectories. To address this problem, we propose CausalAlign, a causal alignment framework with two components. First, we diagnose how precise ego motion is represented, used, and retained within VGMs using linear probes and causal interventions, revealing a rise-and-fall pattern during denoising. Second, we strengthen ego-motion state in VGM by aligning the representations at the identified layers to a 3D foundation model through delta-token space. This space encodes the changes between consecutive frames, allowing the alignment to focus on ego-motion dynamics rather than static scene content. With Wan2.2 fine-tuned on DL3DV and RealEstate10K, CausalAlign can largely improve motion accuracy, geometric consistency, and temporal smoothness, while preserving visual quality. For example, it improves geometric consistency by more than 20% relative to the base model. Moreover, with the fine-tuned VGM, CausalAlign improves the success rate of world action models (WAMs) by 10 points on mobile manipulation tasks of RoboCasa365 benchmark. Overall, CausalAlign improves ego-motion consistency in diffusion-based VGMs and yields noticeable gains in embodied models.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: Overview of CausalAlign. Left: Existing approaches rely on external 3D caches that may propagate errors, optimize output-level preferences without directly supervising ego-motion states, or align 3D features at randomly selected layers. Middle: Our CausalAlign first identifies the targeted layers through causal diagnosis and then strengthens ego-motion states through delta-token alignment. Right: CausalAlign consistently improves camera ego-motion consistency in video generation and largely boosts downstream mobile manipulation performance.
Figure 2: Three stages of CausalAlign training. CausalAlign transfers ego-motion knowledge from a 3D teacher to the VGM through three-stage training. In Stage 1, consecutive features from a streaming 3D foundation model are encoded into a teacher delta-token space that captures inter-frame geometric transitions. In Stage 2, a projector maps VGM DiT features into the same delta-token space and is frozen after training, using a small subset of the training split. In Stage 3, with full training split, LoRA adapters are optimized only at the identified VGM layers using delta tokens, while the projector remains frozen.
Figure 3: Ego-motion diagnosis and retention. We compare base model Wan2.2 and our method CausalAlign through probe decodability and causal intervention effects across layers (sub-figure (a) & (b): results are averaged over timesteps) and across denoising timesteps (sub-figure (c) & (d): results are averaged over layers). Dashed vertical lines represent the selected alignment locations and shading shows the 10th–90th percentiles over the averaged dimension. Our method CausalAlign can raise both signals from rise-and-fall to rise-and-maintain pattern, indicating improved ego-motion retention.
Method
Motion Magnitude
Geometric Consistency
Temporal Dynamics
Mean Trans. Prox. ↑
Mean Angular Prox. ↑
Reproj. (px) ↓
Depth–Flow (px) ↓
Epipolar (px) ↓
Smoothness ↑
Jerk ↓
(a) Base Model
Wan2.2
0.68
0.70
8.4
6.9
2.9
0.71
0.182
(b) External 3D Cache
GEN3C
0.63
0.75
7.8
6.5
2.8
0.71
0.175
Voyager
0.69
0.73
7.1
6.8
2.8
0.73
0.179
Table 1: Camera ego-motion consistency. We evaluate videos generated from the DL3DV and RealEstate10K evaluation splits with the same estimators and generation settings. Methods without camera control receive the first frame and text prompt; methods that require control also receive camera trajectories and 3D caches. Bold indicates the best result for each metric. CausalAlign improves all seven metrics over Wan2.2 and leads on six of seven metrics.
Figure 4: Qualitative comparison of ego-motion. We compare frames and reconstructed camera trajectories from Wan2.2 and CausalAlign in two scenes. CausalAlign shows less trajectory jitter in the top example and less drift when the camera completes a loop in the bottom example.
Table 2: Visual quality preservation. We evaluate Wan2.2 and CausalAlign using VBench-I2V (quality, I2V score, and smoothness) together with FVD, CLIP, SSIM, and LPIPS. Bold indicates the best result for each metric, including ties. CausalAlign preserves visual quality comparable to Wan2.2.
Method
Atomic Seen
Composite Seen
Composite Unseen
Average
GR00T-N1.5 ( NVIDIA GEAR Team, 2025 )
60.6
35.0
33.3
43.7
Fast-WAM ( Yuan et al., 2026 )
59.1
36.4
33.2
43.5
LingBot-VA ( Li et al., 2026a )
63.5
37.3
32.1
45.1
ABot-M0.5 ( Chen et al., 2026b )
70.6
44.3
45.6
54.2
CausalAlign + Fast-WAM
78.1
40.8
40.6
54.2
Table 3: Transfer to world action models. We report success rates (%) on the three RoboCasa365 Target100 task groups. Bold marks the best value in each column, including ties. CausalAlign improves Fast-WAM across all three groups, increasing average success from 43.5% to 54.2% and Atomic-Seen success by 19.0 percentage points.
Ego motion
Geometry
Visual
Representation
Rotation ( ∘ ) ↓
Direction ( ∘ ) ↓
AbsRel ↓
δ1↑
SSIM ↑
LPIPS ↓
(a) Matched-width partitions
Unpartitioned pair
2.453
8.582
0.2426
0.7280
0.2924
0.08816
Unpartitioned diff.
2.837
10.392
0.2301
0.7390
0.2971
0.08754
Delta regions
2.244
7.565
0.2292
0.7457
0.3050
0.08643
(b) Complete space versus original features
Table 4: Delta-token ablations. We compare (a) semantic regions with matched-width PCA projections of equally supervised unpartitioned encoders and (b) 128D delta tokens with original 8192D/4096D LingBot-Map features. Best values within each panel are bold. Delta tokens lead all six metrics in both panels.
Appendix figures & tables11 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
Figure 5: Additional evidence for geometric state forgetting. (a) Linear and MLP probes both show a rise-and-fall pattern in ego-motion decodability. (b) Motion-only interventions produce substantially larger causal effects than norm-matched content-only controls. (c) Geometry commitment K(s) rises early and remains high, while the decodability D(s) and motion-specific causal effect C(s) reused from (a) and (b), respectively, decline during late denoising. Both probes and causal effects decline at later stages, while geometry commitment remains high, supporting the existence of geometric state forgetting.
VBench
Other visual metrics
Method
Quality ↑
Semantic ↑
Smooth. ↑
FVD ↓
CLIP ↑
SSIM ↑
LPIPS ↓
Wan2.2-14B-T2V
0.850
0.729
0.979
183.6
0.331
0.728
0.181
CausalAlign
0.852
0.730
0.979
183.4
0.320
0.726
0.175
Appendix
Table 5: Visual quality in text-to-video generation. We compare Wan2.2-14B-T2V and CausalAlign using VBench and complementary visual metrics. CausalAlign improves quality, semantic score, FVD, and LPIPS while preserving smoothness, with slightly lower CLIP and SSIM scores.
Motion magnitude
Geometric consistency
Temporal dynamics
Method
Mean Trans. Prox. ↑
Mean Angular Prox. ↑
Reproj. (px) ↓
Depth–flow (px) ↓
Epipolar (px) ↓
Smooth. ↑
Jerk ↓
Wan2.2-14B-T2V
0.63
0.68
8.2
7.1
5.4
0.78
0.181
CausalAlign
0.78
0.90
6.9
5.3
3.4
0.86
0.154
Appendix
Table 6: Ego-motion consistency in text-to-video generation. We evaluate Wan2.2-14B-T2V and CausalAlign using the same text prompts and geometric estimators. CausalAlign improves all seven metrics across motion magnitude, geometric consistency, and temporal dynamics.
Figure 6: Successful mobile manipulation rollouts. We visualize two policy rollouts on RoboCasa365, showing a robot placing a bowl into a refrigerator and moving a bread basket to a counter. Both examples demonstrate successful execution of mobile manipulation tasks.
Relative pose
Global trajectory
Temporal dynamics
Method
RRE ( ∘ ) ↓
RTE (%) ↓
ATE (m) ↓
FDE (m) ↓
Drift (%) ↓
Smooth. ↑
Jerk ↓
Native
3.82
7.70
0.214
0.263
13.6
0.69
0.189
FantasyWorld
3.72
6.60
0.169
0.208
10.5
0.82
0.159
CausalAlign
3.21
6.80
0.167
0.201
10.2
0.85
0.155
Appendix
Table 7: Camera trajectory accuracy under explicit conditioning. We compare CausalAlign with the native Wan2.2 camera control model and FantasyWorld using identical camera trajectories, initial frames, and text prompts. CausalAlign achieves the best results on six of seven metrics, while FantasyWorld has the lowest relative translation error.
Ego motion
Geometry
Visual
Region
Rotation ( ∘ ) ↓
Direction ( ∘ ) ↓
AbsRel ↓
δ1↑
SSIM ↑
LPIPS ↓
Ego
2.429
7.558
0.3115
0.6764
0.2881
0.08964
Geometry
13.070
49.822
0.2292
0.7448
0.2908
0.08894
Visual
14.682
65.830
0.3188
0.6620
0.3050
0.08643
Appendix
Table 8: Specialization of delta-token regions. We evaluate the ego-motion, geometry, and visual regions using probes with a common dimension of 24 on 256 scenes across three seeds. Each region performs best on its corresponding task, demonstrating the effectiveness of semantic partitioning.
(a) Layer placement
Versus native
Versus random update
Layer set
Gain
95% CI
Gain
95% CI
10, 12, 14, 20
+3.109
[+0.808, +5.373]
+2.224
[+0.302, +4.022]
16, 18, 20, 26
+0.250
[-2.483, +2.769]
-1.045
[-4.391, +1.961]
20, 22, 24, 30
-2.194
[-5.552, +0.760]
-1.731
[-5.315, +1.611]
10, 14, 20, 24
-0.513
[-3.595, +2.441]
-0.738
[-4.136, +2.232]
Appendix
Table 9: Effects of alignment placement and temporal modulation. We compare LoRA updates at different layer groups and strategies for temporal modulation on Wan2.2-14B, reporting composite gains with 95% confidence intervals. The layers selected by causal diagnosis achieve the largest gain of 3.109%, while the temporal modulation comparisons have confidence intervals that include zero.
Metric
Local RPE
Kinematic
RPE + kinematic
Local pose and global trajectory
Rotation RPE
+0.132
+0.065
+0.078
Translation-direction RPE
+0.399
+2.002
+1.363
Sim(3) ATE
+2.024
+2.521
+1.074
Endpoint error
+5.602
+4.952
+3.089
Path-ratio error
-0.031
-0.048
-0.024
Appendix
Table 10: Effects of auxiliary motion objectives. We compare supervision using relative poses, motion dynamics, and their combination on Wan2.2-TI2V-5B under identical training settings. Relative pose supervision achieves the largest trajectory gain of 3.525%, while combining both objectives provides better geometric and temporal preservation.
Configuration
Traj.
Geom.
Temp.
Visual
Mean
95% CI
Q/V updates and layer scaling
Q/V balanced
+2.223
-0.609
+0.153
+0.036
+0.451
[-0.217, +1.090]
Q/V, L22 scale 0.25
+2.209
+0.761
+0.086
+0.021
+0.769
[+0.090, +1.454]
Q/V, L22 scale 0.50
+1.750
-0.506
+0.218
+0.059
+0.380
[-0.422, +1.174]
Q/V, long, unscaled
+0.292
-0.378
+0.150
+0.045
+0.027
[-0.679, +0.721]
Attenuated L22
+1.025
-0.508
+0.139
+0.048
+0.176
[-0.611, +0.989]
Appendix
Table 11: Effects of adapter updates and weight averaging. We evaluate different update configurations and weight averaging strategies on the 5B backbone, reporting improvements over the original model. Scaling the update at layer 22 to 0.25 achieves the highest mean gain of 0.769% among the compared configurations.
Configuration
Traj.
Geom.
Temp.
Visual
Mean
95% CI
Motion objectives
Local RPE, step 48
+3.525
-0.468
-0.083
+0.065
+0.760
[-0.142, +1.626]
Kinematic, step 48
+2.162
+0.475
-0.033
+0.058
+0.666
[-0.078, +1.328]
RPE + kinematic, step 48
+1.299
+0.643
+0.025
+0.047
+0.503
[-0.148, +1.150]
Aligned RPE, step 72
+1.728
+1.987
+0.172
+0.040
+0.982
[+0.150, +1.796]
Aligned kinematic, step 72
+0.249
-1.373
-0.008
+0.042
-0.273
[-1.024, +0.489]
Appendix
Table 12: Effects of training objectives and configurations. We compare different objectives for motion, geometry, and appearance under various training configurations on the 5B backbone. Relative pose alignment at step 72 achieves the highest mean gain of 0.982% among the compared configurations.
Setting
Configuration
Pretraining data
Human300, 100 demonstrations per task
Target demonstrations
500 per task (Target100)
Evaluation scenes
Held-out target kitchens
Pretraining / evaluated fine-tuning step
60k / 50k
Fine-tuning global batch
128
Fine-tuning optimizer
AdamW, weight decay 0.01, gradient clipping 1.0
Appendix
Table 13: Training and evaluation settings for Fast-WAM. We summarize the training configuration and evaluation protocol for mobile manipulation on RoboCasa365 Target100. The protocol evaluates the policy on 18 Atomic-Seen tasks with 50 rollouts per task, providing the settings used to assess downstream performance.
Video diffusion models generate or edit temporally coherent video by iteratively denoising latent sequences conditioned on text, images, motion, or other signals.
Recent advances in diffusion-based video generation have significantly improved visual quality and short-term temporal coherence. However, existing methods still struggle to produce videos with physically consistent and causally plausible dynamics, especially in scenarios involving long-horizon interactions. This limitation arises from the fact that video diffusion models primarily learn physical consistency implicitly, while vision-language models can directly model physical laws. Based on this idea, in this work, we propose CausalMotion, a training-free framework that injects explicit physical reasoning into video generation through structured intermediate representations. Our key idea is to decouple reasoning from generation by leveraging a vision-language model to decompose a text prompt into a sequence of causally consistent keyframes and object-centric motion trajectories. These representations are then aligned and integrated as soft constraints to guide a pretrained video diffusion model during inference. This design enables explicit modeling of object dynamics and causal transitions without requiring additional training or supervision. Extensive experiments show that our method consistently improves physical plausibility and temporal coherence, particularly in dynamics-intensive scenarios, while maintaining high perceptual video quality.
Sihan Zhuang, Xinyuan Chen, Tianfan Xue +1
Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory · ShanghaiTech University · Work done during an internship at Shanghai AI Laboratory. +1
Video diffusion models lack explicit geometric supervision during training, leading to inconsistency artifacts such as object deformation, spatial drift, and depth violations in generated videos. To address this limitation, we propose a geometry-based reward model that leverages pretrained geometric foundation models to evaluate multi-view consistency through cross-frame reprojection error. Unlike previous geometric metrics that measure inconsistency in pixel space, where pixel intensity may introduce additional noise, our approach conducts error computation in a pointwise fashion, yielding a more physically grounded and robust error metric. Furthermore, we introduce a geometry-aware sampling strategy that filters out low-texture and non-semantic regions, focusing evaluation on geometrically meaningful areas with reliable correspondences to improve robustness. We apply this reward model to align video diffusion models through two complementary pathways: post-training of a bidirectional model via SFT or Reinforcement Learning and inference-time optimization of a Causal Video Model (e.g., Streaming video generator) via test-time scaling with our reward as a path verifier. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of our design, demonstrating that our geometry-based reward provides superior robustness compared to other variants. By enabling efficient inference-time scaling, our method offers a practical solution for enhancing open-source video models without requiring extensive computational resources for retraining.
Tengjiao Yin, Jinglei Shi, Heng Guo +1
VCIP & TMCC & DISSec, College of Computer Science, Nankai University · Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications · LIX, École Polytechnique, IP Paris
Causal video generators must predict from the past, but they need not learn only from it. In streaming autoregressive video diffusion, each emitted segment becomes a commitment that future segments must preserve. Standard training, however, only asks each causal state to explain the present. This creates what we call a representation-level planning gap: states that fit the current segment may discard identity, layout, and motion information needed for a consistent future. We introduce Video-Mirai, a training-only method that closes this gap without changing causal inference: the generator rolls out causally, a frozen foresight encoder reads the completed rollout non-causally, and a lightweight predictor distills the resulting stopped-gradient targets into causal states. Future frames supervise representations, never generator inputs. At inference, the encoder and predictor are discarded, leaving the original architecture, per-step FLOPs, and KV-cache behavior unchanged. Video-Mirai improves a strong Causal-Forcing baseline on 5-second VBench from 83.8 to 84.6 in terms of Total Score. On 30-second rollouts beyond the training horizon, subject consistency improves from 84.9 to 88.5 and background consistency from 90.2 to 91.9. Ablations identify future-conditioned targets as the key ingredient, and probes show that future frames become more decodable from current features. Causality should constrain inference, not representation supervision. Our study highlights that visual autoregressive models need foresight. Project page: https://y0uroy.github.io/Video-Mirai.
Yonghao Yu, Lang Huang, Runyi Li +2
The University of Tokyo · National Institute of Informatics · Peking University