Object re-identification requires embeddings that are robust to intra-class variation in viewpoint, illumination, and occlusion, yet preserve sharp separation between visually similar identities. The hardest errors arise precisely where confusable identities meet, a region that pairwise losses shape only implicitly. We present PBR-ReID, a prototype-based framework that makes this inter-class geometry an explicit learning target. Each identity is represented by a learnable prototype jointly optimized with a DiNOv3 backbone and the resulting prototype similarity matrix reveals, at every training step, which identities are most confusable. On this signal we build Boundary Repulsion MixUp (BRM), a geometry-aware regularizer that converts standard MixUp's weakness into a discriminative signal. Rather than interpolating samples across confusable identities, which blurs the boundaries that matter most, BRM constructs an explicit boundary proxy between each confusable pair and repels their features away from it, converting boundary ambiguity into a discriminative signal. We adopt a two-stage training protocol consisting of a prototype warmup phase followed by EMA-stabilized joint fine-tuning. Extensive experiments on person and vehicle ReID benchmarks demonstrate strong performance, with thorough ablations confirming each component's contribution. Code is available at https://github.com/psaltaath/pbr-reid.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: PBR-ReID Framework. Input images are passed through a DiNOv3 ViT backbone to produce normalized embeddings, jointly optimized with a learnable prototype matrix (one vector per identity) that anchors each class in the embedding space. The staged training progression (right) illustrates how embedding geometry evolves from random initialization through prototype warmup to joint fine-tuning, with features forming compact intra-class clusters separated by enforced inter-class margins. Prototypes act only during training and are discarded at inference.
Figure 2: Boundary Repulsion MixUp (BRM). BRM operates in four stages. First, pairwise prototype cosine similarities are computed for all identities in the batch. Second, confusable pairs (those exceeding similarity threshold τ ) are identified. Third, for each confusable pair, a boundary-proxy prototype is constructed by linearly interpolating the two class prototypes with a Beta-sampled coefficient λ , which also mixes the corresponding features. Fourth, the BRM loss combines hard-target attraction terms, which pull the mixed feature toward both participating prototypes, with repulsion terms, which penalize original features lying within margin mBRM of the boundary-proxy prototype.
Model
Backbone
#Params
Market-1501
DukeMTMC
MSMT17
CUHK03-NP
IUST
mAP
Rank-1
mAP
Rank-1
mAP
Rank-1
mAP
Rank-1
mAP
Rank-1
AdaSP [ 69 ]
ResNet-50
25M
89.8
95.5
83.0
91.7
67.1
85.5
80.1
82.0
-
-
ProNet++ [ 50 ]
ResNet-50
25M
90.2
96.0
-
-
65.5
85.4
82.7
85.2
-
-
CA-Jaccard [ 4 ]
ResNet-50
25M
86.1
94.4
-
-
44.3
75.1
-
-
-
-
TMGF [ 21 ]
ViT-S/16
21M
91.9
96.3
83.1
92.3
70.3
88.2
-
-
-
-
TransReID [ 13 ]
ViT-B/16
86M
89.5
95.2
82.6
90.7
69.4
86.2
72.9
75.1
-
-
Table 1: Person ReID Results. Simple ViT-B/16 denotes an ImageNet pre-training; ∗ pre-trained on LUPerson [ 10 ] ; † CLIP ViT-L/14 used as a distillation teacher with a ResNet-50 student; ‡ combines DINOv2 ViT-B/14 and CLIP ViT-B/16.
Model
VeRi-776
VehicleID
mAP
Rank-1
Rank-1
Rank-5
CFA-Net [ 48 ]
80.7
96.9
-
-
APC [ 52 ]
85.1
97.9
-
-
VehicleNet [ 65 ]
83.4
96.8
79.5
92.0
TANet [ 15 ]
83.6
96.8
78.2
92.6
HCI-Net [ 42 ]
83.8
96.6
76.4
91.2
Table 2: Vehicle ReID Results.
Market-1501
DukeMTMC
Backbone
mAP
Rank-1
mAP
Rank-1
ViT-B/16 (ImageNet)
92.2
96.3
84.1
91.8
CLIP ViT-B/16
93.4
96.6
85.4
92.7
DINOv2 ViT-B/14
93.7
96.7
85.9
92.9
DINOv3 ViT-B/16
94.0
97.1
86.1
93.1
Table 3: Effect of the backbone encoder. We evaluate PBR-ReID with different pre-trained ViT-B/16 backbones on Market1501 [ 63 ] and DukeMTMC [ 64 ] . All variants use identical training and inference settings.
Market-1501
DukeMTMC
Training Objective
mAP
Rank-1
mAP
Rank-1
ArcFace [ 6 ]
90.2
94.9
82.0
90.7
CosFace [ 47 ]
89.6
95.8
82.6
92.4
CircleLoss [ 43 ]
91.0
96.0
83.9
92.4
VPL [ 7 ]
90.0
95.0
81.9
90.6
PBR-ReID (Ours)
94.0
97.1
86.1
93.1
Table 4: Comparison with prototype-based objectives. All variants share the same DINOv3 ViT-B/16 backbone and training protocol, only the prototype-based objective differs.
Lbht
Lfpt
Lcen
Lnorm
MixUp
BRM
Market-1501
DukeMTMC
mAP
Rank-1
mAP
Rank-1
✓
88.9
94.5
82.1
90.8
✓
✓
90.4
95.2
83.2
91.3
✓
✓
86.3
93.0
79.8
88.7
✓
✓
✓
87.5
93.7
80.7
89.9
✓
✓
✓
✓
92.4
96.3
84.6
92.4
Table 5: Effect of loss terms & BRM. The top block uses instance-level supervision only (no prototypes); the bottom block introduces them. NG: neighbor-guided MixUp.
Figure 3: Ablation studies. Hyperparameter ablations (left) and KDEs of inter-class feature distances on Market-1501 (right), warmup epochs experiments (center)
Appendix figures & tables6 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
Market-1501
DukeMTMC
Backbone
#Params
mAP
Rank-1
mAP
Rank-1
ViT-B/16
86M
94.0
97.1
86.1
93.1
ViT-L/16
300M
94.8
97.2
89.7
94.6
ViT-H+/16
840M
95.3
97.4
90.8
95.1
Appendix
Table 6: Performance scaling with backbone capacity. PBR-ReID with DINOv3 ViT backbones experiments with fixed training and inference settings.
Dual LR
EMA Decay
Market-1501
DukeMTMC
mAP
Rank-1
mAP
Rank-1
✓
0.999
94.0
97.1
86.1
93.1
✓
0.90
92.1
95.9
84.4
91.5
✓
0 (No EMA)
81.7
90.8
75.0
85.2
0.999
91.4
95.8
83.9
91.9
Appendix
Table 7: Ablation of training stabilization components. Effect of the dual learning-rate schedule and the EMA prototype update during joint fine-tuning. The top row is the full PBR-ReID configuration.
Method
CUHK03-D
CUHK03-L
VehicleID
Small
Medium
Large
mAP
Rank-1
mAP
Rank-1
Rank-1
Rank-5
Rank-1
Rank-5
Rank-1
Rank-5
CLIP-ReID [ 23 ]
-
-
-
-
85.3
97.6
81.0
95.0
78.1
92.7
AdaSP [ 69 ]
80.1
82.0
82.4
84.6
89.3
98.4
85.6
96.7
83.0
94.9
PBR-ReID (Ours)
88.4
89.8
89.7
90.6
94.0
97.8
92.1
96.6
90.2
96.0
Appendix
Table 8: Additional ReID results on CUHK03 [ 67 ] and VehicleID [ 26 ] benchmarks.
Query
R-1
R-5
R-10
No BRM
ID: 66
ID: 65
ID: 65
ID: 66
ID: 65
ID: 65
ID: 65
ID: 65
ID: 65
ID: 65
ID: 65
BRM
ID: 66
ID: 66
ID: 66
ID: 66
ID: 66
ID: 66
ID: 66
ID: 66
ID: 66
ID: 66
ID: 66
No BRM
ID: 615
ID: 585
ID: 585
ID: 585
ID: 615
ID: 585
ID: 615
ID: 585
ID: 585
ID: 585
ID: 585
BRM
ID: 615
ID: 615
ID: 615
ID: 615
ID: 615
ID: 615
ID: 615
ID: 615
ID: 585
ID: 615
ID: 615
Appendix
Figure 4: Top-10 retrieval results for 3 VeRi-776 queries (PIDs 66, 615, 38), comparing the baseline without BRM against the BRM-trained model. Green = correct match; red = incorrect match; blue = query image.
Query
R-1
R-5
R-10
No BRM
ID: 702
ID: 2250
ID: 702
ID: 2250
ID: 2250
ID: 2250
ID: 2250
ID: 691
ID: 2250
ID: 2250
ID: 691
BRM
ID: 702
ID: 702
ID: 702
ID: 702
ID: 702
ID: 702
ID: 702
ID: 702
ID: 702
ID: 702
ID: 702
No BRM
ID: 803
ID: 396
ID: 820
ID: 396
ID: 396
ID: 396
ID: 396
ID: 396
ID: 1931
ID: 1862
ID: 820
BRM
ID: 803
ID: 803
ID: 803
ID: 803
ID: 803
ID: 803
ID: 803
ID: 803
ID: 831
ID: 803
ID: 803
Appendix
Figure 5: Top-10 retrieval results for 3 MSMT17 queries (PIDs 702, 803, 1874), comparing the baseline without BRM against the BRM-trained model. Green = correct match; red = incorrect match; blue = query image.
Query
R-1
R-5
R-10
No BRM
ID: 2046
ID: 2216
ID: 2216
ID: 2216
ID: 2216
ID: 2216
ID: 2073
ID: 61
ID: 1834
ID: 1834
ID: 2216
BRM
ID: 2046
ID: 2046
ID: 2046
ID: 2046
ID: 2046
ID: 2046
ID: 2046
ID: 2073
ID: 2229
ID: 2046
ID: 2046
No BRM
ID: 2055
ID: 1641
ID: 1641
ID: 2287
ID: 2287
ID: 2287
ID: 2055
ID: 2055
ID: 1641
ID: 1641
ID: 2287
BRM
ID: 2055
ID: 2055
ID: 2055
ID: 2055
ID: 2055
ID: 2055
ID: 2055
ID: 2055
ID: 2055
ID: 2055
ID: 2055
Appendix
Figure 6: Top-10 retrieval results for 3 MSMT17 queries (PIDs 2046, 2055, 2635), comparing the baseline without BRM against the BRM-trained model. Green = correct match; red = incorrect match; blue = query image.
As a fundamental image processing task, object Re-Identification (ReID) aims to retrieve objects across non-overlapping cameras. Recently, with the development of deep learning, significant advancements have been made in object ReID. However, most existing methods suffer from generalization due to the limited size and diversity of ReID datasets. Meanwhile, current models tend to focus on extracting semantic patterns rather than learning identity-aware feature distributions. To address these issues, we propose a novel feature learning framework named DiffReID for object ReID. It leverages a discriminative diffusion model to gradually learn identity-aware distributions and generate identity-invariant features. More specifically, with the Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) model, we first obtain identity-aware text features by prompt tuning. Then, we propose a Vision-guided Noise Generator (VNG) to initialize probabilistic noises and gradually corrupt identity-aware text features. Afterwards, we take visual features as conditions and propose a Light Weight Denoiser (LWD) to denoise the corrupted text features step-by-step for identity-aware distribution learning. To obtain discriminative features, we further generate identity-invariant guided features from randomly sampling visual-guided noises. Finally, we propose a Mutual Enhancement Constraint (MEC) to facilitate mutual learning between visual features and guided features to enhance the representation robustness and discrimination. Extensive experiments on five object ReID benchmarks demonstrate that our method shows better results than most state-of-the-art methods. The source code is available at https://github.com/AWangYQ/DiffReID.
Yingquan Wang, Pingping Zhang, Dong Wang +1
School of Information and Communication Engineering, Dalian University of Technology · School of Future Technology, Dalian University of Technology
Learning identity-discriminative representations with multi-scene generality has become a critical objective in person re-identification (ReID). However, mainstream perception-driven paradigms tend to identify fitting from massive annotated data rather than identity-causal cues understanding, which presents a fragile representation against multiple disruptions. In this work, ReID-R is proposed as a novel reasoning-driven paradigm that achieves explicit identity understanding and reasoning by incorporating chain-of-thought into the ReID pipeline. Specifically, ReID-R consists of a two-stage contribution: (i) Discriminative reasoning warm-up, where a model is trained in a CoT label-free manner to acquire identity-aware feature understanding; and (ii) Efficient reinforcement learning, which proposes a non-trivial sampling to construct scene-generalizable data. On this basis, ReID-R leverages high-quality reward signals to guide the model toward focusing on ID-related cues, achieving accurate reasoning and correct responses. Extensive experiments on multiple ReID benchmarks demonstrate that ReID-R achieves competitive identity discrimination as superior methods using only 14.3K non-trivial data (20.9% of the existing data scale). Furthermore, benefit from inherent reasoning, ReID-R can provide high-quality interpretation for results.
Estimating reliable cross-modality association is crucial to unsupervised visible-infrared person re-ID. While optimal transport is shown to be a practical solution for cross-modality association, it suffers from the rigidness of hard label assignment without considering the impact of cluster noise. Moreover, enforcing only cross-modality contrast is also suboptimal, as it fails to jointly optimize the similarity relation within and across modality. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for cross-modality learning by well exploitation of prototypes: First, instead of contrasting with cross-modality prototypes, we show that modality-unified prototypical contrast facilitates better modality invariance by jointly and simultaneously optimizing similarity relation within and across-modality. Taking self-prototype as a steady teacher, we further refine the instance-prototype online relation through prototype-guided self-distillation. The two components are optimized in a unified framework, leading to a simple yet effective model. On standard VI-ReID benchmarks, we perform extensive comparison and analysis, validating the effectiveness of our proposed method. Code is available at: https://github.com/Terminator8758/PoSeD.
Menglin Wang, Xiaojin Gong
Nanjing Normal University Nanjing, China · Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China