An Ordering Optimization for Fruit-Vegetable in High-Density Environment based on Genetic Algorithm

This paper presents a robotic harvesting method that combines RGB-D fruit localization, GA-based harvest ordering, and waypoint-based robot motion in dense and unstructured crop environments. The global RGB-D camera provides 3D fruit positions for ordering, while the end-effector-mounted camera provides close-range observation during execution. The GA determines the harvesting sequence, and static or dynamic waypoints define the intermediate robot motion. The method was evaluated in a controlled laboratory testbed and in four-, five-, and six-fruit field conditions. GA solutions were compared with exhaustive enumeration, and both waypoint offsets were examined by parameter sensitivity analysis. Continuous execution reduced unnecessary Home-return motion, while the dynamic waypoint changed with the remaining fruit distribution without changing the GA sequence. In the field evaluation, the dynamic-waypoint continuous strategy produced 40 collision events and a 70.7% target-approach success rate, compared with 55 collision events and 65.3% for the static-waypoint continuous strategy.