High Altitude Platform

High-altitude platform stations (HAPS) are emerging as crucial components of integrated space-air-ground networks, aiming to provide wide-area coverage and enhanced connectivity. Current research focuses on optimizing HAPS integration with other networks, particularly for federated learning (FL) applications, employing techniques like asynchronous FL and novel communication protocols (e.g., NOMA-OFDM) to address challenges posed by data heterogeneity and communication latency. This research is significant for improving the efficiency and accuracy of FL in diverse environments, as well as for optimizing spectrum sharing and resource allocation in increasingly complex communication systems.