Overview

On-policy distillation studies how to transfer a teacher’s capabilities by training a student on trajectories the student generates, rather than only on fixed teacher-written examples. Common approaches match teacher and student token distributions with KL-style objectives, often combining this dense feedback with verifier rewards, reinforcement learning, or feedback from successful peer attempts. Work spans language-model reasoning and tool-using agents as well as multimodal, speech, diffusion, and embodied models; methods increasingly select useful tokens, turns, or rollout lengths to reduce compute. A central tension is that student-generated states can make supervision more relevant, but teacher signals may be unreliable or mismatched, and repeated rollouts can be costly or destabilize training. 4 sentences total.

Latest papers

CardsList

511 papers178 papers in the last four weeks, up 141% on the four weeks before. 1.0% of all new papers.

  1. RL Starts before RL: On Policy Distillation for Better Reinforcement Learning

    Sep 23, 2026Shuai Dong, Yongfu Zhu, Yuqi Xu +26Reinforcement LearningRL for Language Model Reasoning

  2. Train Where the Quantized Model Goes: On-Policy Distillation for Low-Bit Reasoning

    Sep 22, 2026Yuanteng Chen, Zhilei Liu, Peisong Wang +7Low-Bit QuantizationLLM Quantization

  3. BAS-OPD: Budget-Aware Selective On-Policy Self-Distillation for Fine-Grained Multimodal Perception

    Sep 22, 2026Zihan Chen, Hengguang Zhou, Yuan Kang +5VLM DistillationMultimodal Large Language Models

  4. iSDFT: Information-Proximal Self-Distillation for Continual Learning in LLMs

    Sep 21, 2026Ahmed Khaled Khamis, Xiaotong Ji, Hassan Jaber +4Continual Learning for LLMsLanguage Model Distillation

  5. 1% of Tokens Can Be Enough: On Gradient Estimation in On-Policy Distillation

    Sep 21, 2026Huanxin Sheng, Zhiling Ye, Haonan Wang +3On-Policy Distillation

  6. Distill What You Trust: Reliability-Aware Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation

    Sep 20, 2026Jie Sun, Mao Zheng, Mingyang Song +8Language Model DistillationMulti-Teacher Knowledge Distillation

  7. Tool-Augmented On-Policy Distillation for LLM Domain Adaptation in Sequence-Based Omics Tasks

    Sep 20, 2026Jie Ying, Zhefan Wang, Zihong Chen +11LLM EvaluationOn-Policy Distillation

  8. One to More, More to One: Category-Aware Iterative Expert Training for Software Engineering Agents

    Sep 20, 2026Jie Zhao, Ziyu Jiang, Suhang Zheng +3Software Engineering AgentsAgentic RL

  9. Anatomy of a Closed-Loop Collapse: A Causal Case Study of a Compressed VLA Policy

    Sep 19, 2026Fengze JiaRobotic Policy EvaluationVision-Language-Action Models

  10. Calibrating Teacher--Student Discrepancy for On-Policy Distillation

    Sep 18, 2026Qiangqiang He, Jin Li, MingCai ChenOn-Policy DistillationLanguage Model Distillation

  11. RetireOPD: Self-Retiring On-Policy Distillation for Agentic Reinforcement Learning

    Sep 17, 2026Yan Yu, Zhengxi Lu, Yizhou Liu +7Agentic RLOn-Policy Distillation

  12. When EOS Tokens Disagree: Understanding Length Inflation in On-Policy Distillation

    Sep 17, 2026Yuxiao Yang, Tianrun Yu, Shangzhe Li +6Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  13. Beyond Token-Local Imitation: Reward-Compatible Temporal Credit Assignment for On-Policy Distillation

    Sep 15, 2026Shiqi Liu, Zeyu He, Letian Tao +9RL for Language Model ReasoningTemporal Credit Assignment

  14. OPD-Aha: From Linguistic Momentum to Visual Reflection in Multimodal On-Policy Distillation

    Sep 15, 2026Chenhao Qiu, Dawei Li, Yechao Zhang +2Object Hallucination in VLMsMultimodal Reasoning

  15. Reducing the Output-Mode Gap in Speech Language Models via Joint-Output On-Policy Distillation

    Sep 14, 2026Daxin Tan, Dehua Tao, Chengxi Deng +2On-Policy DistillationSpeech Language Models

  16. Know When to Stop, Where to Restart: Accelerating Multi-Turn Agentic On-Policy Distillation

    Sep 13, 2026Zhiyu Gui, Kexin Huang, Jia Guo +6On-Policy Distillation

  17. Data-Free On-Policy Distillation: How Far Can We Go Without External Data?

    Sep 12, 2026Gengsheng Li, Mao Zheng, Mingyang Song +10On-Policy DistillationKnowledge Distillation

  18. On-Policy Distillation for Vision-Language Model Adaptation, an Effective Paradigm on Low-Quality Multimodal Data

    Sep 9, 2026Hongyuan Zhang, Xianda Guo, Yanlun Peng +6VLM AdaptationVLM Distillation

  19. CompassOPD: Cross-Family On-Policy Distillation via Within-Family Likelihood Shifts

    Sep 9, 2026Naibin Gu, Qingyi Si, Chenxu Yang +5Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  20. Eliciting Weak-to-Strong Generalization with On-Policy Reverse Distillation

    Sep 8, 2026Youngrok Park, Sangmin Bae, Hojung Jung +6Policy GradientWeak-to-Strong Generalization

  21. TV-Regulated OPD: Direction Matters in On-Policy Distillation

    Sep 8, 2026Han Xiao, Yifan Niu, Dongyi Liu +2Preference OptimizationOn-Policy Distillation