RoboCasa365: A Large-Scale Simulation Framework for Training and Benchmarking Generalist Robots
Organizations: The University of Texas at Austin · NVIDIA Research
Abstract
Recent advances in robot learning have accelerated progress toward generalist robots that can perform everyday tasks in human environments. Yet it remains difficult to gauge how close we are to this vision. The field lacks a reproducible, large-scale benchmark for systematic evaluation. To fill this gap, we present RoboCasa365, a comprehensive simulation benchmark for household mobile manipulation. Built on the RoboCasa platform, RoboCasa365 introduces 365 everyday tasks across 2,500 diverse kitchen environments, with over 600 hours of human demonstration data and over 1600 hours of synthetically generated demonstration data -- making it one of the most diverse and large-scale resources for studying generalist policies. RoboCasa365 is designed to support systematic evaluations for different problem settings, including multi-task learning, robot foundation model training, and lifelong learning. We conduct extensive experiments on this benchmark with state-of-the-art methods and analyze the impacts of task diversity, dataset scale, and environment variation on generalization. Our results provide new insights into what factors most strongly affect the performance of generalist robots and inform strategies for future progress in the field.
Figures & tables
| Task Split | Diffusion Policy | GR00T N1.5 | ||
| Atomic | 15.7 | 36.3 | 39.6 | 43.0 |
| Composite-Seen | 0.2 | 5.2 | 7.1 | 9.6 |
| Composite-Unseen | 1.25 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 4.4 |
| Average | 6.1 | 15.0 | 16.9 | 20.0 |
| Task Type | Pretraining Only | Target Only | Pretraining + Target Post-Training | ||||
| 10% | 30% | 100% | 10% | 30% | 100% | ||
| Atomic | 41.9 | 38.7 | 50.6 | 60.6 | 56.9 | 59.1 | 68.5 |
| Composite-Seen | 0.0 | 11.0 | 22.7 | 35.0 | 25.4 | 34.6 | 40.6 |
| Composite-Unseen | 0.2 | 11.2 | 27.5 | 33.3 | 22.7 | 30.8 | 42.1 |
| Average | 15.1 | 21.0 | 34.3 | 43.7 | 35.9 | 42.2 | 51.1 |
| Phase | Atomic Tasks | 2-3 Stage Tasks | 4–5 Stage Tasks | 6+ Stage Tasks |
| Phase 1 | 41.5 | - | - | - |
| Phase 2 | 13.9 | 24.5 | - | - |
| Phase 3 | 13.9 | 4.8 | 11.3 | - |
| Phase 4 | 10.6 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 4.3 |
| Target Data | Pretraining Data | |||
| No Pretraining | Human50 | Human300 | Human300 + MG60 | |
| Atomic (10%) | 38.7 | 52.0 | 57.0 | 56.9 |
| Composite-Seen (10%) | 11.0 | 26.2 | 28.7 | 25.4 |
| Composite-Unseen (10%) | 11.2 | 23.8 | 32.3 | 22.7 |
| Average (10%) | 21.0 | 34.7 | 40.0 | 35.9 |
| Atomic (100%) | 60.6 | 68.1 | 70.0 | 68.5 |
| CloseElectric KettleLid | PickPlaceToasterOven ToCounter | PickPlaceCounter ToCabinet | PlaceOn DishRack | Avg | |
| Real Only | 70 | 70 | 52 | 55 | 61.8 |
| Sim-and-Real (Ours) | 70 | 100 | 84 | 65 | 79.8 |
Appendix figures & tables10 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
| Category | Unique models |
| Blender | 22 |
| Coffee machine | 48 |
| Dishwasher | 25 |
| Electric kettle | 25 |
| Fridge | 50 |
| Microwave | 50 |
| Activity | Task | # Subtasks | MoMa req. | Description |
| Atomic | CloseBlenderLid | 1 | No | Close the lid blender by securely placing the lid on top. |
| Atomic | CloseFridge | 1 | No | Close the fridge door(s). |
| Atomic | CloseToasterOvenDoor | 1 | No | Close the toaster oven door. |
| Atomic | CoffeeSetupMug | 1 | No | Pick the mug from the counter and place it under the coffee machine dispenser. |
| Atomic | NavigateKitchen | 1 | Yes | Navigate to the [ kitchen location ]. |
| Atomic | OpenCabinet | 1 | No | Open the cabinet door(s). |
| Activity | Task | # Subtasks | MoMa req. | Description |
| Serving beverages | DeliverStraw | 4 | Yes | Take a straw from the drawer in front and place it inside the glass cup on the dining counter. |
| Toasting bread | GetToastedBread | 4 | Yes | Start the toaster. Once the lever pops up, take the bread to the plate on the dining counter. |
| Brewing | KettleBoiling | 2 | No | Pick the kettle from the counter and place it on a stove burner. Then turn the burner on. |
| Loading dishwasher | LoadDishwasher | 3 | No | Pick up the items from the counter, place them in the dishwasher, and close the dishwasher door. |
| Packing lunches | PackIdenticalLunches | 15 | Yes | Place two identical items of each object in each tupperware on the nearby counter, to pack two identical lunches. |
| Washing dishes | PreSoakPan | 3 | No | Pick the pan and sponge and place them into the sink. Then turn on the water. |
| Activity | Task | # Subtasks | MoMa req. | Description |
| Setting the table | ArrangeBreadBasket | 5 | Yes | Open the cabinet, pick up the item from the cabinet and place it in the basket. Then move the basket to the dining counter. |
| Brewing | ArrangeTea | 3 | No | Pick the kettle from the counter and place it on the tray. Then pick the mug from the cabinet and place it on the tray. Then close the cabinet doors. |
| Making toast | BreadSelection | 2 | Yes | From the different types of pastries on the counter, select a croissant and place it on the cutting board. Then retrieve a jar of jam from the cabinet and place it alongside the croissant on the cutting board. |
| Arranging condiments | CategorizeCondiments | 2 | No | Put the shaker and condiment bottle from the counter next to their counterparts in the cabinet. |
| Chopping vegetables | CuttingToolSelection | 2 | No | Place the appropriate cutting tool for cutting the item skin on the cutting board. |
| Garnishing dishes | GarnishPancake | 4 | Yes | Take the strawberry from the fridge and place it on top of the pancake, located on the dining counter. |
| Setting | Num Tasks | Num Scenes | Demos per Task | Dataset Size (hrs) |
| Pretraining (Human) | 300 | 2500 | 100 | 404 |
| Pretraining (MimicGen) | 60 | 2500 | 10,000 | 1615 |
| Target (Human) | 50 | 10 | 500 | 208 |
| Pretraining Data | |||
| 5 Scenes | 25 Scenes | 2500 Scenes | |
| Zero-shot Evaluation | 29.6 | 39.6 | 44.7 |
| + Fine-tuning on Atomic Target Data (10%) | 53.3 | 56.7 | 62.4 |
| Task Split | No Perturbation | Novel Language | Camera Perturbations | Initial Joint Noise | Initial Base Pose Noise |
| Composite-Seen | 40.6 | 38.3 | 28.8 | 27.9 | 31.2 |
| Composite-Unseen | 42.1 | 39.2 | 31.5 | 32.1 | 30.2 |
| Atomic-Seen | Composite-Seen | Composite-Unseen | Average | |
| Full fine-tuning | 43.0 | 9.6 | 4.4 | 20.0 |
| LoRA fine-tuning | 2.4 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.2 |
| Task | Success Rate (%) | Stages | MoMa Required |
| Atomic-Seen | |||
| TurnOnElectricKettle | 93 | 1 | No |
| OpenStandMixerHead | 90 | 1 | No |
| CloseToasterOvenDoor | 87 | 1 | No |
| OpenCabinet | 87 | 1 | No |
| SlideDishwasherRack | 87 | 1 | No |
Robot Manipulation Benchmarks
Robot manipulation benchmarks measure how reliably robots perceive, plan, and execute physical tasks across objects, settings, and embodiments.
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