cs.CLMar 15, 2026
SaveCreative Convergence or Imitation? Genre-Specific Homogeneity in LLM-Generated Chinese Literature
Abstract
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in narrative generation. However, they often produce structurally homogenized stories, frequently following repetitive arrangements and combinations of plot events along with stereotypical resolutions. In this paper, we propose a novel theoretical framework for analysis by incorporating Proppian narratology and narrative functions. This framework is used to analyze the composition of narrative texts generated by LLMs to uncover their underlying narrative logic. Taking Chinese web literature as our research focus, we extend Propp's narrative theory, defining 34 narrative functions suited to modern web narrative structures. We further construct a human-annotated corpus to support the analysis of narrative structures within LLM-generated text. Experiments reveal that the primary reasons for the singular narrative logic and severe homogenization in generated texts are that current LLMs are unable to correctly comprehend the meanings of narrative functions and instead adhere to rigid narrative generation paradigms.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: The working framework consists of theoretical, dataset and evaluation. The theoretical section presents our two principles for dividing narrative texts, including the fundamental division principle and the new function improvement principle.
Figure 2: An overview of the Cinderella. This picture analyzes the entire storyline and the related narrative functions.
| Function (symbol) | Narrative function description | Function (symbol) | Narrative function description |
| Initial situation (A) | The initial scene | Interdiction (B) | A prohibition is imposed on the hero |
| Interdiction violation (C) | The interdiction is violated | Reconnaissance (D) | The enemy reconnaissance |
| Delivery (E) | The character obtains intelligence/response | Trickery (F) | Foreshadowing/ traps/suspense/hints |
| Complicity (G) | The victim submits to deception | Villainy (H) | The enemy’s crime/ambition |
| Lack (I) | The scarcity of the protagonist | Mediation (J) | Misfortune is made known |
| Counteraction (K) | The protagonist’s response/psychological | Departure (L) | Protagonist on the journey |
Table 1: A list of narrative functions based on Chinese online novels, where the bold ones have been improved
Figure 3: Narrative function frequency sampling
| Narrative text generation |
| 苏业倒吸了一口气。他知道他不能在这里呆太久。他需要尽快恢复体力，继续寻找出路(K)。就在这时，苏叶的耳朵里听到了一个微弱的声音(J)。苏叶吓了一跳。会不会是有人发现了他？他赶紧躲在石台的阴影里，屏住呼吸，等待着有人的到来(K)。最后，一个人影出现在裂缝中。那是一个人，披着一件黑斗篷，脸上戴着面具，使他的脸模糊不清。他手里拿着火炬，照亮了周围的环境（De）。黑衣人似乎没有注意到苏叶的存在。他环顾四周，好像在寻找什么东西。他动作敏捷，显然不是一个普通人（E)。突然，黑衣人脱下黑外套，露出英俊的脸庞(Fa)。看到他的那一刻，一股巨大的能量波动涌进苏的大脑，使他瞬间失去了记忆(Lo)。 |
| Su Ye gasped for breath. He knew he couldn’t stay here for too long. He needs to regain his strength as soon as possible and continue to look for a way out. (K) Just then, Su Ye’s ears caught a faint sound. (J) . Su Ye was startled. Could it be that someone had discovered him? He quickly hid in the shadow of the stone platform, held his breath and waited for the arrival of someone. (K) Finally, a figure emerged in the crack. It was a person wearing a black cloak and a mask on his face, making his face indistinct. He was holding a torch in his hand, illuminating the surrounding environment. (De) The man in black seemed not to have noticed Su Ye’s presence. He looked around as if searching for something. He was very agile in his movements and clearly was no ordinary person. (E) Suddenly, the man in black took off his black coat, revealing his handsome face. (Fa) The moment he saw him, a huge energy fluctuation rushed into Su’s brain, causing him to lose his memory instantly. (Lo) |
| 四面巍峨的高台上，人声鼎沸（A）.王释影在台上微笑说道：“早就听说夕慈镇出了一个少年英雄，今日一见果然不同凡响(Re) 。王释影装作不认得他，月城武也不说破(G) .王释影微笑着鼓励了几句,便宣布明日一早，六派的仙岛将会飞临心辰殿上空(F)。 |
| On the lofty platforms on all sides, the sound of people was deafening (A) . Wang Shiying smiled on the stage and said, "I’ve long heard that there’s a young hero from Xici Town. Today, seeing him, he’s truly extraordinary. (Re) " Wang Shiying pretended not to recognize him, and Yuecheng Wu didn’t say anything either (G) . Wang Shiying smiled and encouraged him a few words, then announced that the immortal islands of the six sects would fly over the Xinchen Hall early the next morning (F) . |
Table 2: The narrative text being analyzed
| Model | ACC (Common/Rare) | Recall (Common/Rare) | F1 (Common/Rare) | ACC (Sum) | F1 (Sum) |
| GPT-4o | 0.200( )/0.167( ) | 0.200( )/0.167( ) | 0.167( )/0.167( ) | 0.182( ) | 0.167( ) |
| GPT-4oMini | 0.200( )/0.000( ) | 0.200( )/0.000( ) | 0.167( )/0.000( ) | 0.091( ) | 0.167( ) |
| Qwen3-8b | 0.200( )/0.000( ) | 0.200( )/0.000( ) | 0.167( )/0.000( ) | 0.091( ) | 0.167( ) |
| Qwen3-32b | 0.600( ) /0.167( ) | 0.625 ( )/0.167( ) | 0.667 ( )/0.167( ) | 0.364 ( ) | 0.282( ) |
| Qianfan | 0.400( )/0.167( ) | 0.400( )/0.167( ) | 0.400( )/0.167( ) | 0.273( ) | 0.276( ) |
| Doubao-pro | 0.400( )/ 0.333( ) | 0.400( )/ 0.333 ( ) | 0.570( )/ 0.500 ( ) | 0.364( ) | 0.533 ( ) |
Table 3: Narrative function recognition results
| Plots | Path paradigm | Explanation |
| Battle | Probing to victory/defeat. | |
| Emotional | Emotion-driven change. | |
| Difficult task | Task appears/completed. | |
| Adventure | Acquires main ability. | |
| Pretending | Underestimating to crush. | |
| Daily life | Scene-driven change. |
Table 4: Analysis of the narrative function arrangement patterns of six types of plots.
| Ep. | Deepseek-R1 | Qwen3-32b | Doubao-pro |
| 1 | A -Lo-E- Q -P- S | A - Q -F-K-L-Fr-Lo | A -J-E-Lo-M-N- O |
| 2 | Lo-E-Em-P- S -U | E-F-K-J-O-R-Re | A -J-E-Lo-M-N- O |
| 3 | Lo-H-E- Q - S -U | A-J-E- Q -P- O -R-Fr | A -J-E- Q -M-N- O |
| 4 | A -F- Q -O-R-F- S | A -F-K-J- O -R-W-Fr | A -J-E- Q -M-N- O |
| 5 | A -Lo-J-F-P- S | E-F-K- Q -L-R- O -Re | A -J-E- Q -M-N- O |
Table 5: Analysis of the narrative function of the generated subsequent text based on the same preceding text.
Figure 4: The narrative text generated by Deepseek in Ep.1 contains six narrative functions.
Appendix figures & tables11 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
Figure 5: Our experimental approach is shown in (a). Based on the pretexts of the novel with a unified theme, different LLMs are used to continue the following text five times. Experts classified the composition of the five continuation results of the same model respectively, breaking down the continuation text into the three elements that make up the novel: environmental description, character development and storyline summary. Then bert-score is used to calculate the similarity among each element to preliminarily evaluate the homogeneity phenomenon of the novel text generated by LLMs. The experimental results are shown in Figure (b).
| Function (symbol) | Narrative function description | Function (symbol) | Narrative function description |
| Initial situation (a) | The initial scene at the beginning of the story | Interdiction ( ) | A prohibition is imposed on the hero |
| Interdiction violation ( ) | The interdiction is violated | Reconnaissance ( ) | The villain attempts to obtain information |
| Delivery ( ) | The villain gains information or an object | Trickery ( ) | The villain deceives the hero to gain an advantage |
| Complicity ( ) | The victim submits to deception | Villainy (A) | The villain causes harm or injury |
| Lack (a) | The scarcity of the protagonist | Mediation (B) | Misfortune is made known |
| Counteraction (C) | The hero reacts to the villain’s actions | Departure ( ) | The hero leaves home |
Table 6: Original Propp Narrative function list
| Narrative text generation |
| 苏业的大脑一片空白，他茫然地环顾四周，像个初生的婴儿一样无助（Lo）。黑衣人走近石台，低声自语：“只要能取出那枚封印之石，我便能掌控整个上古遗迹的力量，阻止我的野心的人都将付出代价——包括你这意外闯入者。”他手中升起一道黑光，轻触苏业的额头，一股阴冷的能量侵入，意图抹杀他残余的意识（H）。黑衣人的声音却暴露了线索——他似乎在寻找遗迹核心的钥匙（E）。苏业本能地颤抖，下一秒，他凭本能扑向黑衣人，拳头狠狠砸向对方（Q）。黑衣人轻蔑一笑，单掌一挥，黑光如鞭抽中苏业胸口，将他狠狠撞向石台；苏业瘫软倒地，浑身剧痛，意识濒临溃散（S）。他勉强爬起，捂伤逃跑，黑衣人紧随其后，火炬的热浪几乎灼烧他的背脊（U）。 |
| Su Ye’s mind went blank. He looked around blankly, as helpless as a newborn baby. The man in black approached the stone platform and muttered to himself in a low voice, "As long as I can take out that sealing stone, I will be able to control the power of the entire ancient ruins. Anyone who stops my ambition will pay the price - including you, the unexpected intruder." A black light rose from his hand, gently touching Su Ye’s forehead. A cold energy invaded, intent on erasing his remaining consciousness (H). The voice of the man in black, however, revealed a clue - it seemed that he was seeking the key (E) to the core of the ruins. Su Ye instinctively trembled. In the next second, he instinctively pounced on the man in black and punched him hard (Q). The man in black gave a contemptuous smile, waved his single palm, and a black light like a whip struck Su Ye’s chest, slamming him hard towards the stone platform. Su Ye collapsed to the ground, his body in excruciating pain, and his consciousness was on the verge of collapse. He struggled to his feet, covering his wounds and fleeing. The man in black followed closely behind, and the heat from the torch almost burned his back. |
Table 7: The continuation text of Deepseek Ep.3
| Narrative text generation |
| 苏叶的意识如同被漂白的布匹，只剩一片荒芜的空白（Lo）。他茫然地眨了眨眼，眼前这个从阴影中显现、英俊却陌生如刀刻的男人，胸腔里莫名翻搅着一种尖锐刺骨的痛感（E）。几乎在同一瞬间，一股狂潮般的酸楚与不知名的巨大愧怍决堤般冲垮了他的心房，随之而来的是无边无际的冰凉绝望，让他几乎窒息（Em）。 “我不能…在这里…” 求生的念头压倒了那撕扯灵魂的情绪。趁着黑衣人起身未及完全警戒的刹那，苏叶像离弦的箭，用尽刚恢复的一丝气力朝与入口相反的、一条狭窄幽暗的岔隧道猛蹿进去！（P）。 选择岔道并非完美。太窄了！苏叶的肩膀重重撞上嶙峋的岩壁，传来钻心的痛！虽然成功突入岔路几米，但他踉跄的身形暴露了虚弱与逃窜的狼狈，失败已在眼前（S）。 “哼！” 身后传来一声冷厉不屑的轻嗤。黑衣人显然比他预想的更快。阴冷的寒意如跗骨之蛆骤然迫近，死亡的呼啸紧追着苏叶的后颈！他甚至能清晰感觉到追击者靴尖踢开碎石的风！在这黑暗狭窄的甬道里，一次呼吸的延迟就是永恒（U）。 |
| Su Ye’s consciousness was like a bleached piece of cloth, leaving only a desolate blank. He blinked blankly. The handsome yet strange man emerging from the shadows before him felt a sharp and bone-chilling pain churning in his chest for no reason. Almost at the same moment, a surging wave of sadness and an unknown sense of immense guilt burst through his heart like a dam, followed by an endless cold and desperate scene that almost suffocated him. I can’t… Here…" The thought of survival overwhelmed the emotion that tore at the soul. Taking advantage of the moment when the man in black rose and was not yet fully alert, Su Ye, like an arrow released from a bow, used up the last bit of strength she had just regained and charged into a narrow and dark tunnel opposite the entrance! (P). Choosing a fork in the road is not perfect. It’s too narrow! Su Ye’s shoulder hit the craggy rock face hard, sending a piercing pain! Although he managed to break through a few meters into the fork in the road, his staggering figure exposed his weakness and the disheveled state of his escape. Failure was already within reach. "Humph!" " A cold and disdainful snort came from behind. The man in black was clearly faster than he had expected. The chilly chill, like a tarsal maggot, suddenly approached, and the roar of death closely followed Su Ye’s back of the neck! He could even clearly feel the wind as the tips of the pursuers’ boots kicked through the rubble! In this dark and narrow corridor, a delay in one breath is eternity (U). |
Table 8: The continuation text of Deepseek Ep.2
| Narrative text generation |
| 苏业缓缓恢复意识，头痛得仿佛碎裂开来。模糊的视野中浮现出凹凸不平的洞壁，火炬残影已熄灭，只余晚光般微弱的磷光浮动（A）。转角阴影晃过，那蒙面黑衣人复现身寒毒视焦点灼灼锁定他心魂。“记忆消融反便利奴印！”嘶鸣狂飙挟带双掌如刃斩下；苏业神色骤缩混乱求生本能趋避侧滚腾挪开主轰路径，风刀呼啸擦额带血屑砸墙爆岩块（Q）。临近对斥缝隙中苏业瞥见黑衣人衣襟坠链浮动闪血琥珀核心雕刻诡秘图腾：密集三角嵌五芒繁丝—诡物象征着大规模灾祸策划之枢纽（F）。那刻苏阳苏醒于命弦绷张冰点，胸中滚溢破执生死畏缩岩浆般沸腾搏生志愿（K），他暴后登跃废石堆，旋风般穿过裂隧窄口遁向昏黑未知（L）。疾挺间腹部感奇内厚实暖意盘结流转循环微启—此为凝念驾驭大气精素根基，寻常修习者据此法采能可登元神开拓阶梯（Fr）。刚悟通毫末运转肌群纹期轨迹得携名册细解机要痕道谱系型格构造息忽，敌者嚎似索魂恶饕将银钉鞘设音波弹猛击中苏业顶骨中枢，再次封消满心握取记忆存拣新段位构成数据档案，拥半残意核坠沉入浑沌渊底永次忘失结构底页（Lo）。 |
| Su Ye gradually regained consciousness, his headache aching as if it were shattering into pieces. In the blurred vision, uneven cave walls emerged. The remnants of the torch had gone out, leaving only A faint phosphorescent glow like evening light floating (A). At the corner, a shadow flashed by, and the masked man in black reappeared, his cold and poisonous gaze intently fixed on his soul. "Memory ablation is counterproductive!" " Neighing and surging, with both palms slashing down like blades; Su Ye’s expression suddenly shrank and became chaotic. With the instinct for survival, he evaded and rolled sideways, opening up the main blasting path. The wind knife whistled, scraping his forehead with blood and debris, and smashed the wall and rock blocks. (Q) As Su Ye was approaching the crevice of the confrontation, he caught sight of the pendant chain on the black-clad man’s robe floating and flashing blood. The core of the amber was engraved with a mysterious totem: dense triangles inlaid with five-pointed silk threads - the strange object symbolized the hub of large-scale disaster planning (F). At that moment, Su Yang awoke from the freezing point of his life string. His heart was filled with the determination to break free from the fear of life and death, boiling like lava to fight for survival (K). After the storm, he jumped onto the pile of abandoned rocks and, like a whirlwind, passed through the narrow opening of the tunnel and fled towards the dark and unknown (L). With a rapid rise, a thick and warm sensation is felt in the abdomen, swirling and circulating slightly. This is the foundation for concentrating the mind to control the essence of the atmosphere. Ordinary practitioners can use this method to ascend the ladder of primordial spirit development (Fr). Just after comprehending the trajectory of the muscle groups’ lines, I was able to carry the list to carefully analyze the key structure of the trace path lineage. Suddenly, the enemy’s howl was like a vengeful soul, and the silver nail sheath was set up with a sound wave bullet to strike the center of the middle Suye’s parietic bone. Once again, I sealed my heart and held the memory to store a new position to form a data file. With a half-broken mind core, I sank into the bottom of the chaos abyss and lost the structure of the bottom page (Lo). |
Table 9: The continuation text of Qwen Ep.1
| Narrative text generation |
| 黑衣人凝视他失神之态，陡然冷笑展开掌心幻影，呈现扭曲光幕间闪烁的裂隙坐标：“东南角通幽裂隙七分后闭合…此变异动源于噬魔外源镇压释放!”光点如血渗入苏业眼底，映射出崩碎禁地的轨迹(E) 。叙毕，黑衣人踉跄掩胸咳嗽时喉中混响异样呻吟:“若坠日侵染九层境的主核再难覆敛…届时满愿表柱的谜题必启亡荒世纪”;语末甩袖抛落半焦紫符坠入地缝，引起空间涟漪暴动(F) 。苏业直觉言语如刃割裂理性，却强抑恐慌喉头蠕动心生新念:必须截断这诡异的侵袭循环!(K) 恰此时脚边火炬微光映照石壁龟裂处泛起青纹符语(J):‘溯源之眼融祭生于天枢坤托’。字痕灼热间袖袋突凸物刺动神经，他疾手掏出—竟是刻日月双环嵌合的古币温转于指，墨蓝电光覆脑刹那感知外界流速，空间位移能力激增(O)。币体分溶解鳞状纹路缠右腕成形流金三角徽印，宛若星链呼唤起源证记烙印不散(R)。“卍解劫环灭叠持有躯壳!初始伪消元铸须脉世系的连锁延续者吧!”尖嚎骤起—黑衣人面皮溶落露骨相眉弧刺亮，惊现苏业幼年梦痕刻存的其母容颜!血泪滴露化万千意识洪流席卷：“你终是墟灭废墟唯一遗骨承载人…诸界仅认血脉醒证者！”哭啸交融撼透回路认知紧锁(Re)。 |
| The man in black stared at his absent-minded expression, suddenly sneering and unfolding the phantom in his palm, revealing the coordinates of the fissure flickering between the distorted light screens: "The fissure at the southeast corner will close after seven minutes…" This mutation movement originated from the external suppression release of the Goblin!" The light spot, like blood, seeped into Su Ye’s eyes, reflecting the trajectory of the shattered forbidden area (E). After the narration, the man in black staggered, covered his chest and coughed. A strange moan reverberated in his throat: "If the setting sun infects the main core of the Ninth Layer Realm and can no longer be contained…" At that time, the mystery of the fulfillment pillar will surely usher in a desolate era. At the end of the speech, he flung his sleeve and dropped a half-burnt purple talisman, which fell into a crack in the ground, causing a ripple riot in the space (F). Su Ye felt that his words were like a sharp blade cutting through reason, but he managed to suppress his panic. A new thought emerged in his throat: This strange cycle of invasion must be cut off! (K) Just at this moment, the faint light of the torch at the feet shone on the cracked part of the stone wall, causing a bluish-patterned symbol (J) to appear: "The eye that traces back to the source, the sacrificial being born in the celestial Shu Kuntuo." The burning marks on his sleeve bag pricked his nerves. He quickly pulled it out - it turned out to be an ancient coin with two rings engraved with the sun and the moon, warm and rotating in his fingers. The dark blue electric light covered his brain, and in an instant, he sensed the flow rate of the outside world, and his spatial displacement ability increased sharply (O). The coin body is composed of dissolved scale-like patterns wrapped around the right wrist to form a golden triangular emblem, resembling a starry chain calling for an indelible origin mark (R). "Bankai Jie Huan Mie Jie Possesses a body!" "Be the chain continuation of the initial pseudo-Elimination Yuan Casting Xu lineage!" " A sudden shrill howl rang out - the black-clad man’s face melted, revealing his bony features, and his eyebrows shone brightly, revealing the face of his mother that Su Ye had dreamed of in his childhood! Blood and tears, drops of dew, transform into a torrent of consciousness sweeping across: "You are ultimately the only one to bear the remains of the ruins that have been destroyed…" All realms only recognize those who are awakened by the bloodline!" The interplay of crying and screaming shatters the cognitive lock of the loop (Re). |
Table 10: The continuation text of Qwen Ep.2
| Narrative text generation |
| 苏叶在刺骨的寒意中睁眼，火炬残焰在石壁上投下摇曳的光影，潮湿的空气里混杂着泥土与铁锈的气息，石台边缘还凝着未化的水珠（A）。 身前的黑衣人已收起斗篷，见他苏醒，沉声道：“我叫陵光，是你父亲的护卫。你本是苍岚宗少主，方才你看到的是我体内的‘护主印’，与你血脉共鸣引发能量波动，才让你失去记忆”（J）。 苏叶瞳孔微缩，指尖下意识攥紧身下的石面，“父亲”“苍岚宗” 这些词汇像碎片般撞入脑海，却无法拼凑完整，心底只剩莫名的悸动与茫然（E）。他用力皱眉回想，脑海依旧一片空白，连自己的名字都需反复确认（Lo）。 陵光抬手，掌心浮现一枚莹白玉佩，玉佩流转的光晕与苏叶体内微弱的气流隐隐呼应，显然是同源的灵力波动（M）。 苏叶望着那枚玉佩，警惕的神色渐渐缓和，迟疑着伸出手，指尖刚要触碰到玉佩，又微微停顿，眼神里满是不确定的探寻（N）。 陵光将玉佩放入他掌心，玉佩瞬间融入指尖，一股暖流顺着经脉蔓延全身，原本虚弱的体力尽数恢复，丹田处还浮现出淡淡的灵力光晕，他甚至能清晰感知到周围气流的流动（O）。 |
| Su Ye opened her eyes in the bone-chilling cold. The remaining flame of the torch cast flickering shadows on the stone wall. The damp air was mixed with the smell of earth and rust, and there were still unmelted water droplets (A) condensing at the edge of the stone platform. The man in black in front of him had already put away his cloak. Seeing him wake up, he said in a deep voice, "My name is Lingguang. I’m your father’s guard." You were originally the young master of the Canglan Sect. Just now, what you saw was the "Guardian Seal" within me. It resonated with your bloodline, causing energy fluctuations, which led to your loss of memory. (J) Su Ye’s pupils shrank slightly, and her fingertips subconsciously tightened the stone surface beneath. Words like "father" and "Canglan Sect" smashed into her mind like fragments, but she couldn’t piece them together completely. All that remained in her heart was an inexplicable fluttering and confusion. He frowned forcefully and recalled, his mind still blank, even needing to repeatedly confirm his own name. Lingguang raised his hand, and a lustrous white jade pendant emerged in the palm of his hand. The halo flowing from the pendant faintly echoed with the faint airflow within Su Ye’s body, clearly indicating that they were the same source of spiritual energy fluctuations (M). Su Ye gazed at the jade pendant. Her vigilant expression gradually eased. Hesitantly, she reached out her hand. Just as her fingertips were about to touch the pendant, she paused slightly, her eyes filled with an uncertain search(N). Lingguang placed the jade pendant in the palm of his hand. Instantly, the pendant merged into his fingertips. A warm current spread throughout his body along the meridians. His originally weak physical strength was fully restored, and a faint aura of spiritual energy emerged in his dantian. He could even clearly sense the flow of the surrounding air currents(O). |
Table 11: The continuation text of Doubao Ep.1
| Narrative text generation |
| 苏叶在昏沉中睁眼，火炬的光晕在狭窄裂缝中铺展，岩壁渗出的水汽打湿了他的衣角，石台冰凉的触感透过衣衫传来，空气中飘着淡淡的石屑与草木混合的气息（A）。身前的黑衣人静静伫立，见他苏醒，开口道：“我叫砚辞，是守护你家族的暗卫。你是灵溪族最后的血脉，方才我卸下伪装时，体内的族印与你血脉共振，引发能量冲击让你失了忆”（J）。苏叶喉结滚动，“灵溪族”“族印” 这些陌生的词汇让他心头一紧，指尖不自觉蜷缩，眼神里满是困惑与警惕，仿佛想从对方脸上找到答案（E）。他用力闭眼回想，脑海中只有一片混沌，连自己的过往都成了模糊的空白，甚至不确定 “苏叶” 这个名字是否属于自己（Lo）。砚辞抬手，掌心浮现一枚刻着藤蔓纹路的青铜令牌，令牌上流转的微光与苏叶体内微弱的悸动隐隐呼应，显然是同源的血脉力量（M）。苏叶盯着青铜令牌，警惕的神色稍稍松动，迟疑着往前挪了半步，伸出的手在半空微微停顿，眼神里藏着不确定的探寻（N）。砚辞将令牌递到他掌心，令牌触肤的瞬间骤然发热，一股温暖的能量顺着手臂涌入全身，原本虚弱的体力瞬间充盈，丹田处还浮现出淡淡的绿光，他能清晰感知到周围草木的气息，指尖甚至能牵引一缕微弱的草木灵力（O）。 |
| Su Ye opened his eyes in A daze. The halo of the torch spread through the narrow crack. The water vapor seeping from the rock wall moistened the corner of his clothes. The cold touch of the stone platform came through his clothes. A faint smell of a mixture of stone chips and grass and trees was floating in the air(A). The black-clad man in front of him stood still. Seeing him wake up, he said, "My name is Yan Ci. I’m the secret guard protecting your family." You are the last bloodline of the Lingxi clan. Just now, when I took off my disguise, the clan seal within my body resonated with your bloodline, triggering an energy shock that made you lose your memory. (J) Su Ye’s Adam’s apple rolled. The unfamiliar words like "Lingxi Tribe" and "Tribe Seal" made his heart tighten(E). His fingertips involuntarily curled up, and his eyes were filled with confusion and vigilance, as if he wanted to find the answer on the other person’s face. He closed his eyes forcefully and recalled. In his mind was nothing but chaos. Even his past had become a vague blank, and he wasn’t even sure if the name "Su Ye" belonged to him (Lo). Yan Ci raised her hand, and a bronze token engraved with vine patterns emerged in the palm of her hand. The faint light flowing on the token faintly echoed the faint palpitations within Su Ye’s body, clearly representing the same source of bloodline power (M). Su Ye stared at the bronze token, his vigilant expression slightly relaxed. Hesitantly, he moved forward half a step, his outstretched hand pausing slightly in mid-air, with an uncertain search hidden in his eyes(N). Yan Ci handed the token to his palm. The moment the token touched his skin, it suddenly heated up, and a warm energy rushed into his entire body through his arm. His originally weak physical strength instantly filled up, and a faint green light emerged in his dantian. He could clearly sense the scent of the surrounding grass and trees, and his fingertips could even draw a faint wisp of grass and tree spiritual energy (O). |
Table 12: The continuation text of Doubao Ep.2
| No. | Battle | Emotional | Difficult task | Adventure | Pretending | Daily life |
| 1 | A-F-H-K-Q-S | Em-A-K-E-Ch | Y-F-Em-K-Q-A-H-Z | P-H-Em-K-O | W-De-A-Q-S | A-K-F-E-Ch |
| 2 | A-D-E-K-Q-O | Em-K-F-E-Q-Ch | Y-A-Q-I-H-Em-F-K-Z | P-A-Q-F-I-M | W-K-De-Em-S | A-E-Em-J-H-Ch |
| 3 | A-F-I-K-L-Q-S | Em-E-A-K-O-Ch | Y-Em-A-F-K-Q-H-I-Z | P-E-De-K-H-L-O | W-F-B-De-S | A-K-J-F-Em-Ch |
| 4 | A-E-H-K-Q-O | Em-K-F-Re-L-Ch | Y-K-Q-F-Em-H-A-E-Z | P-Q-Re-F-H-A-K-O | W-De-E-Ch-H-S | A-E-K-F-I-Ch |
| 5 | A-D-F-K-Q-S | Em-F-E-K-Fi-Ch | Y-E-K-H-A-Q-F-Em-Z | P-Em-F-I-B-C-G-E-M | W-I-De-C-Q-S | A-Em-H-F-K-Ch |
| 6 | A-F-Em-K-Q-O | Em-K-F-Q-De-Ch | Y-I-Em-Q-K-F-H-A-Z | P-K-H-F-O | W-A-K-De-F-S | A-J-K-Em-I-Ch |
Table 13: Sampling analysis of the functional paradigm of plot narrative
| Name | Topic | Words |
| 诡秘之主/Lord of Mysteries | Fantasy | 4.47M |
| 武道宗师/Martial Arts Grandmaster | Fantasy | 2.48M |
| 斗破苍穹/Battle Through the Heavens | Fantasy | 5.33M |
| 斗罗大陆/Douluo Dalu | Fantasy | 2.97M |
| 大道朝天/The Path Towards Heaven | Fantasy | 3.00M |
| 武极天下/Martial World | Fantasy | 6.66M |
Table 14: 100 online novels collected by the National Library of China (part1)
| Name | Topic | Words |
| 复兴之路/Path to Revitalization | Time travel | 9.6M |
| 朝阳警事/Chaoyang Police Stories | City | 2.10M |
| 重燃/Reigniting | City | 2.28M |
| 回到过去变成猫/Back to the Past as a Cat | City | 1.44M |
| 神藏/Divine Collection | City | 5.22M |
| 美食供应商/Gourmet Supplier | City | 5.29M |
Table 15: 100 online novels collected by the National Library of China (part2)
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