Streaming feed-forward 3D reconstruction enables real-time joint estimation of scene geometry and camera poses from RGB images. However, without explicit dynamic reasoning, streaming models can be affected by moving objects, causing artifacts and drift. In this work, we propose RayMap3R, a training-free streaming framework for dynamic scene reconstruction. We observe that RayMap-based predictions exhibit a static-scene bias, providing an internal cue for dynamic identification. Based on this observation, we construct a dual-branch inference scheme that identifies dynamic regions by contrasting RayMap and image predictions, suppressing their interference during memory updates. We further introduce reset metric alignment and state-aware smoothing to preserve metric consistency and stabilize predicted trajectories. Our method achieves state-of-the-art performance among streaming approaches on dynamic scene reconstruction across multiple benchmarks.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: Streaming 3D Reconstruction for Dynamic Scenes. RayMap3R leverages the static bias of RayMap-only predictions to identify and suppress dynamic regions at inference time, reducing camera drift and improving geometry fidelity.
Figure 2: RayMap Static Bias. Left: The main prediction and RayMap prediction produce differing depth estimates in dynamic regions, suggesting a static bias in RayMap predictions. Right: The depth discrepancy correlates with ground-truth dynamic ratio across multiple datasets, suggesting a consistent signal for dynamic identification.
Figure 3: Dynamic Map Visualization. The dynamic map is the per-pixel depth difference between the main branch and RayMap-only predictions, closely aligning with ground-truth dynamic masks across both synthetic and real scenes.
Figure 4: Method Overview. Our method performs streaming 3D reconstruction via dual-branch inference. At time step t , the main branch predicts depth and pose from state st−1 using both image and RayMap features. The predicted pose T^t is remapped into RayMap and encoded into tokens rt′ , then queried against the frozen state st−1 by the RayMap branch to obtain a static-biased prediction. The depth difference between branches is projected via image-state attention to form staticness weights αt that suppress dynamic regions during state update ( st=st−1+αt⊙Δst ). This dual-branch scheme identifies and suppresses dynamic regions at inference time.
KITTI [ 13 ]
BONN [ 23 ]
Sintel [ 2 ]
Alignment
Method
Onl.
Abs Rel ↓
δ < 1.25↑
Abs Rel ↓
δ < 1.25↑
Abs Rel ↓
δ < 1.25↑
Per-sequence scale
DUSt3R [ 39 ]
✗
0.144
81.3
0.155
83.3
0.656
45.2
MonST3R [ 46 ]
✗
0.168
74.4
0.067
96.3
0.378
55.8
VGGT [ 37 ]
✗
0.070
96.5
0.055
97.1
0.287
66.1
Spann3R [ 36 ]
✓
0.198
73.7
0.144
81.3
0.622
42.6
Point3R [ 42 ]
✓
0.135
84.0
0.061
96.2
0.451
48.7
Table 1: Video Depth Estimation. We report scale-invariant relative depth (per-sequence scale alignment) and metric-scale absolute depth accuracy. RayMap3R achieves leading depth accuracy among streaming methods under both settings. ✗ denotes offline methods; ✓ denotes streaming methods.
Sintel [ 2 ]
TUM-dyn [ 30 ]
ScanNet [ 7 ]
Method
Onl.
ATE ↓
RPE t ↓
RPE r ↓
ATE ↓
RPE t ↓
RPE r ↓
ATE ↓
RPE t ↓
RPE r ↓
DUSt3R [ 39 ]
✗
0.417
0.250
5.796
0.083
0.017
3.567
0.081
0.028
0.784
MASt3R [ 11 ]
✗
0.185
0.060
1.496
0.038
0.012
0.448
0.078
0.020
0.475
MonST3R [ 46 ]
✗
0.111
0.044
0.869
0.098
0.019
0.935
0.077
0.018
0.529
VGGT [ 37 ]
✗
0.172
0.062
0.471
0.012
0.010
0.310
0.035
0.015
0.377
Spann3R [ 36 ]
✓
0.329
0.110
4.471
0.056
0.021
0.591
0.096
0.023
0.661
Table 2: Camera Pose Estimation. RayMap3R achieves leading trajectory accuracy among streaming methods across all datasets, with particularly strong performance on dynamic sequences, while remaining competitive on static scenes.
Acc ↓
Comp ↓
NC ↑
Chamfer ↓
Method
Onl.
Mean
Med.
Min
Mean
Med.
Min
Mean
Med.
Min
Mean
Med.
Min
DUSt3R-GA [ 39 ]
✗
0.146
0.077
0.052
0.181
0.067
0.042
0.736
0.839
0.865
0.327
0.144
0.094
MASt3R-GA [ 11 ]
✗
0.185
0.081
0.056
0.180
0.069
0.047
0.701
0.792
0.821
0.365
0.150
0.103
MonST3R-GA [ 46 ]
✗
0.248
0.185
0.142
0.266
0.167
0.121
0.672
0.759
0.783
0.514
0.352
0.263
Spann3R [ 36 ]
✓
0.298
0.226
0.170
0.205
0.112
0.078
0.650
0.730
0.754
0.503
0.338
0.248
CUT3R [ 38 ]
✓
0.043
0.026
0.015
0.031
0.018
0.009
0.621
0.618
0.523
0.027
0.025
0.013
Table 3: 3D Reconstruction on 7-Scenes [ 29 ] . Each metric reports Mean, Median, and Minimum across scenes. RayMap3R achieves leading reconstruction quality among streaming methods across the majority of metrics.
Figure 5: Qualitative Results on DAVIS [ 24 ] Videos. We compare our method with CUT3R [ 38 ] and TTT3R [ 6 ] . Our method achieves more stable camera pose estimation and produces clearer reconstructions.
Table 9
Dataset
Seq
Frames
Mean disc ↑
Mean AUC ↑
Mean IoU ↑
ρ↑
MPI Sintel [ 2 ]
19
746
1.61
0.464
0.298
0.900
DAVIS 2017 [ 24 ]
81
5205
1.68
0.538
0.189
0.713
TUM RGB-D [ 30 ]
8
680
1.88
0.560
0.206
0.643
All
108
6631
1.69
0.532
0.203
0.771
Table 6: Dynamic Map Evaluation. Evaluation across 108 sequences from three datasets. The depth discrepancy signal shows consistent discriminability and positive correlation with ground-truth dynamics across diverse scenes.
Appendix figures & tables6 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
Figure 6: Dynamic Map Visualization. We visualize the dynamic map inferred by RayMap3R across DAVIS (rows 1–2), MPI Sintel (rows 3–4), and TUM Dynamic (row 5). The RayMap-only branch suppresses dynamic objects relative to the main branch, and the resulting dynamic map aligns with ground-truth masks.
Figure 7: Temporal Consistency of Dynamic Maps on DAVIS longboard . Top: input frames. Bottom: dynamic maps. The dynamic map consistently produces elevated responses at moving subjects, including partially visible persons at the frame boundary.
Dynamic Ratio
Seq
Frames
Mean δ
Mean disc ↑
Mean AUC ↑
Mean IoU ↑
Low ( ≤ 10%)
66
4168
0.065
2.24
0.591
0.145
Med (10–30%)
45
2862
0.077
1.93
0.551
0.240
High ( > 30%)
20
985
0.153
1.36
0.532
0.409
Appendix
Table 7: Dynamic Map Evaluation by Scene Dynamic Ratio. We extend the evaluation in Tab. 6 by stratifying sequences into three groups based on their mean ground-truth dynamic ratio: Low ( ≤ 10%), Medium (10–30%), and High ( > 30%). The disc metric exceeds 1 across all groups, indicating that the depth discrepancy signal remains discriminative even when dynamic content is sparse.
Figure 8: Effect of Reset Metric Alignment. Baseline ( left ) produces fragmented point clouds across reset boundaries. Our reset metric alignment restores segment consistency ( middle ), yielding coherent full-sequence reconstruction ( right ).
Baseline
Fix β=0.3
Fix β=0.5
Fix β=0.8
Only at
Only sct
Full at×sct
Mean ATE ↓
0.112
0.091
0.092
0.095
0.091
0.120
0.080
Mean RPEt↓
0.036
0.022
0.026
0.033
0.028
0.021
0.021
Appendix
Table 8: Smoothing Signal Ablation. We compare the full adaptive smoothing ( at×sct ) against fixed-coefficient baselines and individual signal components. The full scheme achieves the lowest ATE, as jointly conditioning on both signals avoids under-suppression from fixed filtering and drift from single-signal over-smoothing.
Camera Pose (TUM-dyn)
Video Depth (KITTI)
3D Recon (7-Scenes)
Setting
ATE ↓
RPE t ↓
AbsRel ↓
δ<1.25↑
Acc ↓
Chamfer ↓
Base
0.033
0.011
0.120
88.3
0.041
0.029
+R
0.032
0.010
0.102
92.2
0.032
0.026
+R+M
0.031
0.008
0.100
92.5
0.028
0.025
+R+S
0.020
0.006
0.101
92.3
0.026
0.025
Full
0.019
0.005
0.099
92.7
0.023
0.024
Appendix
Table 9: Cross-Dataset Component Ablation. Each task is evaluated on a representative dataset. R: dual-branch RayMap identification; M: reset metric alignment; S: state-aware smoothing. Each component contributes gains across tasks, and the full model achieves the best results across metrics.
We propose SLARM, a feed-forward model that unifies dynamic scene reconstruction, semantic understanding, and real-time streaming inference. SLARM captures complex, non-uniform motion through higher-order motion modeling, trained solely on differentiable renderings without any flow supervision. Besides, SLARM distills semantic features from LSeg to obtain language-aligned representations. This design enables semantic querying via natural language, and the tight coupling between semantics and geometry further enhances the accuracy and robustness of dynamic reconstruction. Moreover, SLARM processes image sequences using window-based causal attention, achieving stable, low-latency streaming inference without accumulating memory cost. Within this unified framework, SLARM achieves state-of-the-art results in dynamic estimation, rendering quality, and scene parsing, improving motion accuracy by 21%, reconstruction PSNR by 1.6 dB, and segmentation mIoU by 20% over existing methods.
Online monocular 3D reconstruction enables dense scene recovery from streaming video but remains fundamentally limited by the stability-adaptation dilemma: the reconstruction model must rapidly incorporate novel viewpoints while preserving previously accumulated scene structure. Existing streaming approaches rely on uniform or attention-based update mechanisms that often fail to account for abrupt viewpoint transitions, leading to trajectory drift and geometric inconsistencies over long sequences. We introduce PAS3R, a pose-adaptive streaming reconstruction framework that dynamically modulates state updates according to camera motion and scene structure. Our key insight is that frames contributing significant geometric novelty should exert stronger influence on the reconstruction state, while frames with minor viewpoint variation should prioritize preserving historical context. PAS3R operationalizes this principle through a motion-aware update mechanism that jointly leverages inter-frame pose variation and image frequency cues to estimate frame importance. To further stabilize long-horizon reconstruction, we introduce trajectory-consistent training objectives that incorporate relative pose constraints and acceleration regularization. A lightweight online stabilization module further suppresses high-frequency trajectory jitter and geometric artifacts without increasing memory consumption. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks demonstrate that PAS3R significantly improves trajectory accuracy, depth estimation, and point cloud reconstruction quality in long video sequences while maintaining competitive performance on shorter sequences.
Lanbo Xu, Liang Guo, Caigui Jiang +1
State Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China · University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47TJ, United Kingdom
Dense 3D reconstruction from continuous image streams requires both accurate geometric aggregation and stable long-term memory management. Recent feed-forward reconstruction frameworks integrate observations through persistent memory representations, yet most rely primarily on appearance-based similarity when updating memory. Such appearance-driven integration often leads to redundant accumulation of observations and unstable geometry when viewpoint changes occur. In this work, we propose a ray-aware pointer memory for streaming 3D reconstruction that explicitly models both spatial location and viewing direction within a unified memory representation. Each memory pointer stores its 3D position, associated ray direction, and feature embedding, allowing the system to reason jointly about geometric proximity and viewpoint consistency. Based on this representation, we introduce an adaptive pointer update strategy that replaces traditional fusion-based memory compression with a retain-or-replace mechanism. Instead of averaging nearby observations, the system selectively retains informative pointers while discarding redundant ones, preserving distinctive geometric structures while maintaining bounded memory growth. Furthermore, the joint reasoning over spatial distance and ray-direction discrepancy enables the system to distinguish between local redundancy, novel observations, and potential loop revisits in a unified manner. When loop candidates are detected, pose refinement is triggered to enforce global geometric consistency across the reconstruction. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed ray-aware memory design significantly improves long-term reconstruction stability and camera pose accuracy while maintaining efficient streaming inference. Our approach provides a principled framework for scalable and drift-resistant online 3D reconstruction from image streams.
Feifei Li, Qi Song, Chi Zhang +1
The Chinese University of HongKong, Shenzhen · Tsinghua University