cs.ROApr 7, 2026

Delta6: A Low-Cost, 6-DOF Force-Sensing Flexible End-Effector

Authors: Yue Feng, Weicheng Huang, Chen Qiu, Huixu Dong, I-Ming Chen

Organizations: Robotics Research Center (RRC), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798. · WinGs Robotics LLC, NY, 10314 USA. · Maider Medical Industry Equipment Company, Ltd., Taizhou 317607, China. · Robot Perception and Grasp Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.

Abstract

This paper presents Delta6, a low-cost, six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) force/torque end-effector that combines antagonistic springs with magnetic encoders to deliver accurate wrench sensing while remaining as simple to assemble as flat-pack furniture. A fully 3D-printed prototype, assembled entirely from off-the-shelf parts, withstands peak forces above +/-14.4 N and torques of +/-0.33 N.m per axis; these limits can be further extended by leveraging the proposed parametric analytical model. Without calibration, Delta6 attains a 99th-percentile error of 7% full scale (FS). With lightweight sequence models, the error is reduced to 3.8% FS by the best-performing network. Benchmarks on multiple computing platforms confirm that the device's bandwidth is adjustable, enabling balanced trade-offs among update rate, accuracy, and cost, while durability, thermal drift, and zero-calibration tests confirm its robustness. With Delta6 mounted on a robot arm governed by a force-impedance controller, the system successfully performs two contact-rich tasks: buffing curved surfaces and tight assemblies. Experiments validate the design, showing that Delta6 is a robust, low-cost alternative to existing 6-DOF force sensing solutions. Open-source site: https://wings-robotics.github.io/delta6 .

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