cs.CLMay 15, 2026

Defining Cultural Capabilities for AI Evaluation: A Taxonomy Grounded in Intercultural Communication Theory

Authors: Isar Nejadgholi, Masoud Kianpour, Krishnapriya Vishnubhotla, Maryam Molamohamadi

Organizations: National Research Council, Canada · Toronto Metropolitan University, Canada · Mila, Quebec AI Institute, Canada

Abstract

Tremendous efforts have been put into evaluating the inclusivity and effectiveness of AI systems across cultures. However, the cultural capabilities considered in much of the literature remain vaguely defined, are referred to using interchangeable terminology, and are typically limited to recalling accurate information about various demographics, regions, and nationalities. To address this construct ambiguity, we draw from Intercultural Communication scholarship and propose a three-level taxonomy of AI-relevant cultural capabilities: Cultural Awareness answers "Does the model know?", Cultural Sensitivity answers "How does it frame its knowledge?", and Cultural Competence answers "Can it adapt as the interaction evolves?". Beyond conceptual clarification, we position this taxonomy as a practical tool for improving the validity and interpretability of AI evaluation in real-world, multicultural settings. Without such construct clarity, evaluation results risk overstating model capabilities and may lead to inappropriate deployment decisions in culturally sensitive contexts.

Explore similar work

CardsList
  1. A Taxonomy of Cognitive Capability Gaps in Generative and Agentic AI

    Aug 3, 2026Taye Akinrele, Sindhuja Penchala, Noorbakhsh Amiri Golilarz +2Cognitive SciencePersistent State