cs.CLMay 19, 2026

Where Does Authorship Signal Emerge in Encoder-Based Language Models?

Authors: Francis KulumbaGuillaume VimontLaurent RomaryFlorian Cafiero

Organizations: Inria Paris · IRIF · Sorbonne Université · LRE, EPITA · Ecole nationale des chartes – PSL

Abstract

Authorship attribution models fine-tuned with the same pretrained encoder, data, and loss can differ four-fold in performance depending only on their scoring mechanism. We use mechanistic interpretability tools to explain this gap. Stylistic features such as word length, punctuation density, and function-word frequency are similarly available at every layer in every model we probe, including an off-the-shelf control encoder, suggesting that the gap is not explained by their linear readability. Instead, causal intervention shows that the scorer appears to determine where the encoder consolidates authorship signal. Mean pooling forces consolidation by early to mid layers, while late interaction defers it to later layers. We further derive this difference from the gradient structure of each scorer, and training dynamics reveal distinct learning trajectories that follow from that difference.

Explore similar work

CardsList
  1. One-shot Style Transfer LLM log-probabilities for Authorship Attribution and Verification

    Oct 15, 2025Pablo Miralles-González, Javier Huertas-Tato, Alejandro Martín +1AuthorshipStylometric