To enable reliable climbing locomotion of quadruped robots on ferromagnetic surfaces, this paper presents a high-load-density electro-permanent magnetic foot with controllable adhesion, featuring force-feedback circular Halbach-net electro-permanent magnet (CHN-EPM) adhesion units and a magnetization control system. Due to its three-dimensional magnetic circuit structure and flux-concentration effect, the CHN-EPM enables a distributed parallel magnetic flux path with enhanced flux utilization, resulting in reduced sensitivity to air-gap variations and allowing effective adhesion to be maintained even under partial contact conditions. The proposed CHN-EPM generates a maximum adhesion force exceeding 1000 N with a load-to-weight ratio over 200:1. A magnetization driver and a two-stage pulse current control strategy are developed to regulate the excitation current amplitude and duration, enabling accurate and reliable magnetization. By incorporating a flexible pressure sensor for contact force feedback, the system can effectively monitor attachment and detachment states, ensuring robust adhesion switching under uncertain contact conditions. The proposed system is integrated into a commercial quadruped robot (Unitree GO2), demonstrating high-load adhesion on ceiling and vertical-wall surfaces and stable locomotion on painted, perforated, and curved ferromagnetic surfaces.