Physics-governed executable modelling of triboelectric nanogenerators
Authors: Hongfa Zhao, Baiqiao Wang, Tiancong Zhao, Chun Jin, Hanlin Zhou, Mingrui Shu, Minyi Xu, Liwei Lin, +2 more
Organizations: Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China. · Zhuhai Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai 519088, China. · Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. · Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China. · Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Predictive modelling of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) remains fragmented across analytical theories, finite-geometry solvers and disconnected simulation workflows. These disparate approaches must be unified into an executable framework to advance quantitative TENG research.Here we introduce a charge-defined modelling framework and implement it as TENG-CLAW, a physics-governed platform for traceable TENG simulation. The framework establishes a self-consistent electrostatic hierarchy in which triboelectric charges, pre-charging charges and compensating electrode charges serve as defining state variables.This hierarchy connects the infinite plate analytical limit for near-uniform fields with finite-geometry numerical formulations required for edge-dominated devices. Built on this basis, TENG-CLAW converts user-defined research requests into physically admissible simulation tasks, so that generated outputs are tied to explicit charge states, boundary conditions, solver routes and reusable artifacts across spatial, temporal, field-level, comparative and reporting workflows. This work establishes a rigorous computational basis for interpreting TENG mechanisms and provides reproducible research infrastructure for simulation and physics-guided device design.