ARIA - An Agentic Framework for Autonomous Testing of Infotainment Systems
Organizations: INESC TEC, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal · LIACC, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Portugal
Abstract
Automotive infotainment validation still relies on manual testing, slow, costly, and incompatible with agile releases and OTA updates. Scripted automation only partly helps: it couples test logic to implementation, yielding brittle, high-maintenance suites. Existing LLM-driven frameworks mostly target web/mobile apps, using single- or dual-agent setups that overload one or two models with perception, planning, action selection, and validation at once, prone to hallucinations and unproductive exploration loops given infotainment complexity. We present ARIA (Autonomous Real-time Infotainment Assessment), a multi-agent LLM framework that autonomously runs end-to-end tests on Android infotainment systems via visual interaction, using a closed-loop pipeline of four specialized agents per step plus a report stage. From single-sentence scenarios (path, action, expected outcome), ARIA runs the interactions and produces reports, reproducible scripts, and visual evidence per step. Evaluated on a manufacturer's physical Android infotainment system across 30 scenarios, ARIA completed 28 (93.3%) with a verdict (2 errored), 20 of which (71.4%) matched ground truth. It caught all 5 known defects, no fault passed as working; its 8 false positives stem from navigation/image limits and unsupported gestures, showing multi-agent LLMs can run infotainment tests industrially while exposing the cost of a low false-positive tolerance. A single-agent baseline confirms the multi-agent design's value: on the first pass, before stronger-model revisitation narrows the gap, it shows a far higher false-positive rate (72.0% vs. 52.6%), conflating navigational difficulty with system failure. We report first-pass/post-revisitation results, token/call/cost per scenario, and show via repeated runs that stability tracks complexity, with fault detection perfectly consistent, pointing to CI integration of visual testing.
Figures & tables
| Model | Completed | Correct | FP | FN | Cost (est.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| claude-sonnet-4.6 | 4/6 | 4/4 | 0 | 0 | $8.28 |
| claude-opus-4.6 | 5/6 | 4/5 | 1 | 0 | $28.56 |
| gpt-4.1 | 1/6 | 1/1 | 0 | 0 | $0.00* |
| gpt-5.3-codex | 0/6 | — | — | — | $4.24 |
| gpt-5.4 | 2/6 | 1/2 | 1 | 0 | $4.08 |
| Predicted OK | Predicted BUG | |
|---|---|---|
| Expected OK | 15 | 8 |
| Expected BUG | 0 | 5 |
| Metric | Value |
| Pipeline Completion Rate | 28/30 = 93.3% |
| Fault Detection Recall | 5/5 = 100% |
| Fault Detection Precision | 5/13 = 38.5% |
| Accuracy (completed scenarios) | 20/28 = 71.4% |
| Single-Agent | Multi-Agent | |||
| Metric | First pass | Final | First pass | Final |
| Pipeline Completion | 30/30 | 28/30 | 22/30 | 28/30 |
| Classified OK | 7 | 15 | 9 | 15 |
| Classified BUG | 23 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Terminated ERROR | 0 | 2 | 8 | 2 |
| True Positives | 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 |
| Scenario | GT | OK | BUG | ERR | Modal | Avg Calls |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Status bar | OK | 5 | 0 | 0 | OK | 17.6 1.4 |
| Bluetooth toggle | OK | 5 | 0 | 0 | OK | 26.2 5.9 |
| System settings | OK | 4 | 0 | 1 | OK | 40.6 5.0 |
| Seats app search | OK | 4 | 0 | 1 | OK | 41.6 9.2 |
| Wi-Fi Access Point toggle | OK | 1 | 2 | 2 | — | 79.6 5.5 |
| Language selection | BUG | 0 | 5 | 0 | BUG | 66.6 18.0 |
| Multi-Agent | Single-Agent | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metric | First | Revisit | Total | First | Revisit | Total |
| LLM calls | 1,218 | 851 | 2,069 | 638 | 622 | 1,260 |
| Premium requests | 1,218 | 2,263 | 3,481 | 638 | 1,616 | 2,254 |
| Est. cost (USD) | 48.72 | 90.52 | 139.24 | 25.52 | 64.64 | 90.16 |
| Output tokens | 162.5k | 136.8k | 299.3k | 161.1k | 158.6k | 319.7k |
| Fresh input tokens | 2.89M | 2.20M | 5.09M | 2.16M | 3.33M | 5.49M |
Automated Software Testing
Automated software testing uses tools and algorithms to generate, run, and evaluate tests that find defects and prevent regressions.
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