ST-pRRTC: Parallel Space-Time RRT-C with Adaptive Goal-Time Forests

Sampling-based motion planning has emerged as a powerful approach for robotics, enabling exploration of complex, high-dimensional configuration spaces. When combined with Signal Temporal Logic (STL), a temporal logic widely used for formalizing interpretable robotic tasks, these methods can address complex spatiotemporal constraints. However, traditional approaches rely on min-max robustness measures that focus only on critical time points and subformulae, creating non-smooth optimization landscapes with sharp decision boundaries that hinder efficient tree exploration. We propose RRT$^η$, a sampling-based planning framework that integrates the Arithmetic-Geometric Mean (AGM) robustness measure to evaluate satisfaction across all time points and subformulae. Our key contributions include: (1) AGM robustness interval semantics for reasoning about partial trajectories during tree construction, (2) an efficient incremental monitoring algorithm computing these intervals, and (3) enhanced Direction of Increasing Satisfaction vectors leveraging Fulfillment Priority Logic (FPL) for principled objective composition. Our framework synthesizes dynamically feasible control sequences satisfying STL specifications with high robustness while maintaining the probabilistic completeness and asymptotic optimality of RRT$^\ast$. We validate our approach on three robotic systems. A double integrator point robot, a unicycle mobile robot, and a 7-DOF robot arm, demonstrating superior performance over traditional STL robustness-based planners in multi-constraint scenarios with limited guidance signals.

Fast motion planning requires both sample-efficient exploration and computationally efficient local steering. Conventional straight-line steering is inexpensive but wastes samples by rejecting colliding extensions. Quadratic program controllers with control barrier function (CBF) constraints can be used to achieve effective local steering but can increase the planning time due to the expensive sequential evaluations. We develop a method to accelerate CBF steering by computing a time horizon within which CBF-filtered velocity may be applied constantly using closed-form kinematic bounds on collision-clearance. Our method, FLASH-CBF-RRT, significantly reduces the number of evaluations compared to prior CBF-RRT approaches because the planner can take adaptive steering step sizes that are shorter near obstacles and longer in open space. We implement this steering procedure as an extension of RRT-Connect in OMPL. Across 689 MotionBenchMaker problems, FLASH-CBF-RRT matches RRT-Connect's 100% success rate while reducing median planning time by 3.82x, and is 3.88x faster than fixed-step CBF-RRT. Hardware experiments on a 17-DoF mobile manipulator demonstrate 2.2x faster planning and 4.2x fewer evaluations. Videos and results are available at: https://mamani828.github.io/FLASH-CBF-RRT/.

Informed sampling techniques accelerate the convergence of sampling-based motion planners by biasing sampling toward regions of the state space that are most likely to yield better solutions. However, when the current solution path contains redundant or tortuous segments, the resulting informed subset may remain unnecessarily large, slowing convergence. Our prior work addressed this issue by introducing the greedy informed set, which reduces the sampling region based on the maximum heuristic cost along the current solution path. In this article, we formally characterize the behavior of the greedy informed set within Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT*)-like planners and analyze how greedy sampling affects exploration and asymptotic optimality. We then present Greedy RRT* (G-RRT*), a bi-directional anytime variant of RRT* that leverages the greedy informed set to focus sampling in the most promising regions of the search space. Experiments on abstract planning benchmarks, manipulation tasks from the MotionBenchMaker dataset, and a dual-arm Barrett WAM problem demonstrate that G-RRT* rapidly finds initial solutions and converges asymptotically to optimal paths, outperforming state-of-the-art sampling-based planners.