Drive2Gauss: FeedForward 4D Gaussian Reconstruction from Multimodal Generative Driving Videos
Authors: Tong Zhao, Zhiyuan Han, Lin Chen, Bowen Xie, Yunxi Qiao, Bohan Li, Weiqing Xiao, Gen Li, Shu Han, Xuyang Dai, Cheng Bi, Hao Zhao, Chaojian Li
Organizations: Institute for AI Industry Research (AIR), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. · Tongji University, Shanghai, China. · Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China. · Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China. · Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. · Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. · Nanjing University, Nanjing, China. · Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. · University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA. · Great Wall Motor, Baoding, China. · The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Generating reusable driving environments requires both controllable future observations and an explicit representation that supports rendering from different viewpoints, yet existing methods still recover explicit scenes from generated RGB videos through optimization for each sequence. To overcome these limitations, we present Drive2Gauss, a feedforward framework that converts jointly generated RGB, metric depth, and dynamic flow into dynamic 4D Gaussian scenes. A Multimodal Video Generator predicts the three modalities from reference multiview images and future control signals. Furthermore, we introduce a Gaussian Query Decoder that uses depth to initialize sparse 3D queries and flow to associate the queries across time, and integrates appearance information through spatiotemporal feature aggregation and iterative query refinement. The reconstruction stage operates in a single feedforward pass without optimization for each scene. Extensive results on nuScenes demonstrate that our approach attains an FID of 6.38 and an FVD of 12.43 for future RGB generation, a PSNR of 29.91 dB when reconstructing its generated observations, and supports both direct rendering under lateral camera shifts and downstream video fixing. Code and more visualizations are available at https://zttt04. github.io/Drive2Gauss_page/.
Figures & tables
Fig. 1: Schematic comparison with RGB-first methods that use per-scene optimization. Drive2Gauss instead jointly generates RGB, metric depth, and dynamic flow, then constructs a 4D Gaussian scene with a feedforward decoder. The feedforward property refers to the reconstruction stage.
Fig. 2: Overview of Drive2Gauss. Reference multiview images and control conditions are processed by the Multimodal Video Generator to predict RGB, metric depth, and dynamic flow. Depth and flow initialize 3D queries, while RGB features from multiple views and context frames are aggregated by the Spatiotemporal Feature Aggregation module. The updated queries are decoded into dynamic Gaussian primitives for rendering.
Fig. 3: Details of the spatiotemporal feature aggregation. Each query is projected into valid camera views and context frames to sample features from the generated observations, along with the corresponding key and value features. Cross-attention (Q, K, V) fuses the sampled features to update the current query location, and the update is repeated k times, after which the refined queries are passed to the Gaussian decoding stage for rendering.
Method
RGB
Depth
Flow
FID ↓
FVD ↓
Panacea [ 1 ]
✓
×
×
16.96
139.00
MagicDrive [ 2 ]
✓
×
×
16.20
217.94
Drive-WM [ 3 ]
✓
×
×
15.80
122.70
WoVoGen [ 40 ]
✓
×
×
27.60
417.70
Vista* [ 41 ]
✓
×
×
13.97
112.65
DriveDreamer-2 [ 42 ]
✓
×
×
11.20
55.70
TABLE I: Comparison of future video generation quality and output modalities. Checkmarks indicate the modalities generated by each method. Lower FID and FVD values are better.
Fig. 4: Qualitative results of joint multimodal future generation. For each example, we visualize the generated RGB, metric depth, and dynamic flow from the front three camera views of each sample. The three modalities together provide complementary appearance, geometric, and motion information for the subsequent 4D Gaussian construction and rendering.
Method
PSNR ↑
LPIPS ↓
SSIM ↑
FID ↓
FVD ↓
Panacea + DGGT [ 1 , 36 ]
26.23
0.261
0.790
50.24
181.51
MagicDrive-V2 + DGGT [ 7 , 36 ]
28.12
0.230
0.830
68.09
370.59
DiST-4D + DGGT [ 28 , 36 ]
27.76
0.200
0.825
30.17
90.70
Drive2Gauss
29.91
0.101
0.884
12.85
32.01
TABLE II: Quantitative comparison of feedforward 4D Gaussian reconstruction. PSNR, LPIPS, and SSIM are computed against the generated RGB observations, while FID and FVD are computed against the original nuScenes videos.
Fig. 5: Qualitative comparison of feedforward 4D Gaussian reconstruction. For each method, the upper row shows the generated RGB observation used as input, while the lower row shows the corresponding rendering from the reconstructed 4D Gaussian scene. The comparison highlights how well each method preserves scene layout, object appearance, and local geometric details between inference and rendering.
Method
±1 m
±2 m
±4 m
FID ↓
FVD ↓
FID ↓
FVD ↓
FID ↓
FVD ↓
DreamDrive [ 26 ]
72.20
381.93
143.15
780.71
233.15
1271.42
Panacea + DGGT [ 1 , 36 ]
142.32
664.29
190.57
844.70
251.93
1085.29
MagicDrive-V2 + DGGT [ 7 , 36 ]
86.40
1032.22
109.34
1241.29
150.05
1481.17
DiST-T + DGGT [ 28 , 36 ]
53.44
562.22
73.55
744.32
107.93
956.98
Drive2Gauss
38.38
281.27
59.60
605.65
101.23
1025.44
TABLE III: Direct novel-view synthesis under lateral camera shifts from generated future observations. Lower FID and FVD are better.
Fig. 6: Qualitative comparison of novel-view rendering under lateral camera shifts. For each scene, the upper row shows the generated or ground-truth observation, while the lower row shows the corresponding rendering from the reconstructed 4D Gaussian scene.
Method
±1 m
±2 m
±4 m
FID ↓
FVD ↓
FID ↓
FVD ↓
FID ↓
FVD ↓
DiST-S [ 28 ]
10.12
45.14
12.97
68.80
17.57
105.29
GaussianDWM [ 31 ]
8.36
44.50
11.27
68.17
18.81
116.40
WorldSplat [ 39 ]
8.25
40.17
11.26
47.41
13.38
64.07
RGB-D + SPVC [ 104 ]
10.37
25.99
11.19
30.68
12.82
41.29
Drive2Gauss + SPVC [ 104 ]
6.68
21.25
7.85
24.28
9.00
35.73
TABLE IV: View-fixing performance under lateral camera shifts. Lower FID and FVD are better.
Fig. 7: Qualitative example of the downstream view fixing pipeline in our framework. Applying SPVC to the Drive2Gauss reconstruction substantially reduces the artifacts introduced by the lateral camera shift.
Variant
PSNR ↑
SSIM ↑
w/o Init Flow
27.89
0.814
w/o Iterative Refinement
28.03
0.827
w/o Cross-Attention
28.76
0.849
Drive2Gauss (Full)
29.91
0.884
TABLE V: Ablation study of the Gaussian Query Decoder. Metrics follow the reconstruction protocol of Table II .
Queries
PSNR ↑
SSIM ↑
Train Peak Memory (GB)
Inference Time (s)
480K
28.87
0.811
45
0.96
720K
29.62
0.836
67
1.11
960K
29.91
0.884
92
1.29
1200K
/
/
OOM
/
TABLE VI: Sensitivity to the number of Gaussian queries. Training peak memory is reported in GB, while inference time is reported in seconds.
High-fidelity visual reconstruction and novel-view synthesis are essential for realistic closed-loop evaluation in autonomous driving. While 4D Gaussian Splatting (4DGS) offers a promising balance of accuracy and efficiency, existing per-scene optimization methods require costly iterative refinement, rendering them unscalable for extensive urban environments. Conversely, current feed-forward approaches often suffer from degraded photometric quality. To address these limitations, we propose ReconDrive, a feed-forward framework that leverages and extends the 3D foundation model VGGT for rapid, high-fidelity 4DGS generation. Our architecture introduces two core adaptations to tailor the foundation model to dynamic driving scenes: (1) Hybrid Gaussian Prediction Heads, which decouple the regression of spatial coordinates and appearance attributes to overcome the photometric deficiencies inherent in generalized foundation features; and (2) a Static-Dynamic 4D Composition strategy that explicitly captures temporal motion via velocity modeling to represent complex dynamic environments. Benchmarked on nuScenes, ReconDrive significantly outperforms existing feed-forward baselines in reconstruction, novel-view synthesis, and 3D perception. It achieves performance competitive with per-scene optimization while being orders of magnitude faster, providing a scalable and practical solution for realistic driving simulation.
Haibao Yu, Kuntao Xiao, Jiahang Wang +7
The University of Hong Kong · Tuojing Intelligence · King’s College London +2
This work presents SplatFlux, a feed-forward latent-to-4DGS framework for both video-based 4D reconstruction and conditional 4D generation. Our key observation is that observed videos and conditionally generated content can be represented in the same pretrained video latent space, allowing both tasks to be formulated as latent-to-4DGS decoding. To construct compact and temporally coherent 4D scenes, SplatFlux introduces a static-dynamic decoupled 4D Gaussian representation that explicitly predicts dynamic probabilities for Gaussian primitives. This representation separates static scene structures from moving regions, enabling complete 4D scene construction in a feed-forward manner through static aggregation and dynamic motion interpolation. To learn static-dynamic decomposition and dynamic Gaussian motion without costly annotations, we further develop an auxiliary distillation strategy that provides pseudo dynamic masks and optical-flow cues. Extensive experiments across 3D and 4D reconstruction and generation demonstrate that SplatFlux achieves state-of-the-art performance.
Driving World Models (DWMs) have recently advanced rapidly with generative models, yet most existing methods mainly focus on conditional scene generation and lack explicit 3D scene understanding, language-grounded reasoning, and controllable 4D editing capabilities. Moreover, commonly used point cloud, occupancy, or BEV representations make it difficult to achieve fine-grained alignment between textual information and the underlying 3D scene structure. To address these limitations, we propose a foundation-feature Gaussian driving world model that unifies scene understanding, language-grounded reasoning, controllable 4D editing, and multi-modal generation within a single framework. Specifically, we introduce a foundation-feature Gaussian tokenizer that directly distills Qwen/SigLIP visual-language features into 3D Gaussian primitives, building a compact open-vocabulary Gaussian semantic field. We further design a geometry-aware Gaussian adapter that combines importance-aware hierarchical selection with text-conditioned Perceiver-style cross-attention to aggregate dense Gaussian primitives into compact world tokens. To improve representation compatibility, we introduce a KL-based Gaussian--image distribution alignment objective that aligns Gaussian world tokens with foundation image tokens. Based on the aligned Gaussian representation, our framework further supports instruction-controllable scene editing, including weather-conditioned generation and dynamic vehicle manipulation. Extensive experiments on broader driving benchmarks demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance across scene understanding, visual grounding, planning-oriented reasoning, and controllable 4D generation tasks. We will release the code and datasets publicly on Github.
Tianchen Deng, Xuefeng Chen, Shuang Wu +5
School of Automation and Intelligent Sensing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; the State Key Laboratory of Avionics Integration and Aviation System-of-Systems Synthesis; and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Navigation and Location Based Services, Shanghai 200240, China · Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China · Chongqing Afari Intelligent Drive Co., Ltd., China +1