MaD-RSI: Model-as-Data for Recursive Self-Improvement of Agent Harnesses

Recursive self-improvement (RSI) of agent harnesses has emerged as an effective approach to enhancing the capabilities of large language model (LLM) agents. By searching the harness space for a specific LLM on a given dataset, RSI can discover a harness tailored to the capabilities and behavioral characteristics of that model. However, such optimization often creates a strong coupling between the learned harness and its target LLM, limiting generalization across models and requiring substantial computational resources to adapt to new LLMs. Moreover, existing RSI methods typically optimize a harness using feedback from a single model and evaluate its generalization to other models only after training. This paradigm treats model differences primarily as a criterion for evaluating generalization rather than as valuable evidence for optimization. In this paper, we introduce a new perspective that treats models as data and places the harness at the center of optimization. Building on this perspective, we propose MaD-RSI, a framework that directly optimizes a shared harness across multiple heterogeneous LLMs by incorporating their diverse failure trajectories into the training process. Rather than assessing model differences only after optimization, MaD-RSI leverages these differences as training evidence to guide the self-improvement of a shared harness. Furthermore, we introduce a new evaluation framework with two complementary metrics designed to assess the effectiveness of harness optimization across models. Experiments across multiple datasets and LLMs demonstrate that MaD-RSI improves generalization over existing approaches while reducing training costs.