Agents can create rich representations, yet these representations are rarely used as a medium for expressing user intent. We present Agent-Bound UI, an interaction model that separates reusable interaction structures from task-specific meanings. Agents bind task-specific meanings to interactions in reusable views and publish the resulting bindings as shared state, enabling humans and agents to understand and act on shared surfaces whose meanings vary across tasks. We implement ABRA, a framework-agnostic prototype of Agent-Bound UI, in which users and agents collaborate through chat and shared interactive canvases. We demonstrate ABRA through a representative use case and evaluate four LLM-backed agents on canvas authoring, owner-side consequence resolution, and cross-agent invocation. The code and demo video are available at https://github.com/megagonlabs/abra.
Figures & tables
Figure 2: The ABRA prototype: a user and multiple agents collaborate not only through chat but also on shared interactive canvases that the agents create and co-curate. Hovering an element highlights co-referent elements across the different views, and consequences are resolved by the agent that owns each canvas.
View
Elements
Actions with Local Effects (view-executed)
Actions with Consequences (agent-resolved)
graph
node, edge
highlight; select; show detail; reposition / pan / zoom / fit; layout
Table 1: The four supported views and their interaction vocabularies in ABRA . Views define addressable elements and actions, while agents bind task-specific meanings to enabled actions. Actions are handled either locally by views or through agent-resolved consequences.
Criterion
Question
Scale
create_canvas
view_selection
Did the run build the view(s) the case expects?
recall 0–1, exact
referent_coverage
Are the task’s information-unit kinds present at all (placement aside)?
covered/total
element_binding
Does each element kind stand for the referent kind the task intends?
pass/na
spec_format
Is the spec structurally whole? (the home for any structural anomaly)
pass
element_format
Are ids and paths written in the contract’s form?
pass/na
Table 4: Judge rubrics for create_canvas (top) and fire_action (bottom). † denotes optional criteria reported separately from failure criteria; ‡ applies only to the +action variant of create_canvas .
Large Language Model (LLM)-based UI agents show great promise for UI automation but often hallucinate in long-horizon tasks due to their lack of understanding of the global UI transition structure. To address this, we introduce AGENT+P, a novel framework that leverages symbolic planning to guide LLM-based UI agents. Specifically, we model an app's UI transition structure as a UI Transition Graph (UTG), which allows us to reformulate the UI automation task as a pathfinding problem on the UTG. This further enables an off-the-shelf symbolic planner to generate a provably correct and optimal high-level plan, preventing the agent from redundant exploration and guiding the agent to achieve the automation goals. AGENT+P is designed as a plug-and-play framework to enhance existing UI agents. Evaluation on the AndroidWorld benchmark demonstrates that AGENT+P improves the success rates of state-of-the-art UI agents by up to 14.32% and reduces the action steps by 37.70%. Our code is available at: https://github.com/KiteFlyKid/agentp.
Shang Ma, Xusheng Xiao, Yanfang Ye
University of Notre Dame · Arizona State University
Most web agents operate at the human interface level, observing screenshots or raw DOM trees without application-level access, which limits robustness and action expressiveness. In enterprise settings, however, explicit control of both the frontend and backend is available. We present EmbeWebAgent, a framework for embedding agents directly into existing UIs using lightweight frontend hooks (curated ARIA and URL-based observations, and a per-page function registry exposed via a WebSocket) and a reusable backend workflow that performs reasoning and takes actions. EmbeWebAgent is stack-agnostic (e.g., React or Angular), supports mixed-granularity actions ranging from GUI primitives to higher-level composites, and orchestrates navigation, manipulation, and domain-specific analytics via MCP tools. Our demo shows minimal retrofitting effort and robust multi-step behaviors grounded in a live UI setting. Live Demo: https://youtu.be/Cy06Ljee1JQ
Most human-agent interaction today remains text-based. Natural language can impose cognitive overload, ambiguity, information chaos, and slow input for complex tasks; ephemeral generative UIs can present structured information and guide users toward task completion. We propose GenUI-Harness, a multi-agent harness pairing a Tool Agent for information retrieval and task execution with a GUI Coder Agent that identifies ambiguities and generates front-end code for structured interfaces. Training the coder with reinforcement learning is challenging: verifiable rewards for interactive UI generation require costly execution, while LLM-as-a-Judge rewards are prone to reward hacking. We address the first challenge with Dynamic UX, a lightweight package for dynamic interaction and reward collection in a single sandbox, and the second with Reward Auditor, a meta-reward mechanism that monitors reward distributions and distills diagnostic patterns into a shared rubric and scoring specification. We introduce UI-TAU Bench, a benchmark for active human-agent interaction through generated UI code, built on 10 real-world domain databases constructed from public data sources and based on Tau-Bench tool-use settings, with Lite (300 tasks) and Full (1,000 tasks) splits. GenUI-Harness achieves an average Pass@3 gain of 4.48 percentage points over smolagents on Lite. Training with GenUI-Harness improves a 4B backbone from 9.33% to 58.00% Pass@3, outperforming larger frontier models such as Claude Opus 5 (46.67%). GenUI-Harness also remains robust on ambiguous and non-ambiguous queries. In a reviewer survey comparing communication channels, generated UIs reduce average dialogue rounds from 3.4 to 1.2. These results show that data-aware generative interfaces can support effective task completion and reduce dialogue rounds in evaluated database-backed workflows.
Xiaolong Li, Xiaohan Xu, Jinyang Li +5
The University of Hong Kong · The BIRD Team · Microsoft Research