RetroNav: Scene-Grounded Retrospection and Retry for Self-Evolving Lifelong Navigation
Organizations: Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences · School of Advanced Interdisciplinary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Abstract
Existing robot navigation methods primarily focus on isolated tasks, overlooking the need to accumulate knowledge and experience across repeated navigation episodes. Although recent lifelong navigation methods have explored cross-task knowledge accumulation, they mainly focus on scene knowledge while neglecting historical navigation experience and its connection to scene evidence, limiting the ability to reflect on past mistakes and improve future decisions. To address this limitation, this paper presents RetroNav, a training-free self-evolving navigation framework that integrates navigation, memory accumulation, and failure reflection. Specifically, we develop a unified memory system that connects geometric and semantic scene knowledge with historical navigation experience, distinguishing objective observations from task-dependent interpretations. After each navigation attempt, an independent evaluator determines whether a retry is necessary. If so, a Retrospection Agent revisits historical decisions using accumulated scene knowledge and navigation records, generating an evidence-grounded retry brief to guide the next attempt. RetroNav achieves state-of-the-art performance across five navigation benchmarks. Our method will be open-sourced at https://github.com/3dv-casia/RetroNav .
Figures & tables
| R2R-CE | RxR-CE | |||||
| Method | SR | SPL | OSR | SR | SPL | OSR |
| Training-based | ||||||
| NavMorph (HNR) [ 40 ] | 64.0 | 53.0 | 68.0 | 58.0 | 49.0 | – |
| Uni-NaVid [ 44 ] | 47.0 | 42.7 | 53.3 | 48.7 | 40.9 | 55.5 |
| StreamVLN-Prune-Mem [ 37 ] | 57.4 | 51.1 | 65.5 | 53.9 | 45.1 | – |
| DualVLN [ 36 ] | 64.3 | 58.5 | 70.7 | 61.4 | 51.8 | – |
| Method | SR | SPL | OSR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Training-based | |||
| Uni-NaVid [ 44 ] | 39.5 | 19.8 | – |
| AstraNav-Memory [ 14 ] | 62.5 | 34.9 | – |
| MTU3D [ 47 ] | 40.8 | 12.1 | – |
| Training-free | |||
| SpaceVLN (Qwen3.5-Plus/Flash) [ 8 ] | 51.6 | 33.1 | – |
| Method | SR | SPL | t-nDTW |
|---|---|---|---|
| (a) Training-based | |||
| CMA [ 19 ] | 19.0 1.0 | 18.0 1.0 | 38.0 2.0 |
| TourCMA [ 18 ] | 18.0 0.0 | 17.0 1.0 | 36.0 1.0 |
| PoolCMA [ 18 ] | 16.0 1.0 | 15.0 0.0 | 36.0 2.0 |
| PoolEndCMA [ 18 ] | 18.0 1.0 | 16.0 1.0 | 38.0 2.0 |
| OVER-NAV (iterative) [ 45 ] | 35.0 1.0 | 33.0 1.0 | 50.0 2.0 |
| Method | SR | SPL | e-SR |
|---|---|---|---|
| (a) Training-based | |||
| SenseAct-NN Skill Chain [ 16 ] | 29.5 | 11.3 | – |
| SenseAct-NN Monolithic [ 16 ] | 12.3 | 6.8 | – |
| AstraNav-Memory [ 14 ] | 62.7 | 56.9 | – |
| MTU3D [ 47 ] | 47.2 | 27.7 | – |
| MemoryExplorer (LMEE) [ 34 ] | 46.4 | 28.0 | – |
| Component | IR2R-CE | GOAT-Bench | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Row | Naive | Eval. | Brief | SR | SPL | t-nDTW | SR | SPL | e-SR | |
| (1) | – | – | – | – | 65.6 | 57.0 | 68.6 | 67.0 | 41.8 | 14.3 |
| (2) | ✓ | – | – | – | 76.7 | 62.6 | 71.6 | 81.0 | 47.8 | 28.6 |
| (3) | – | ✓ | – | – | 69.4 | 59.7 | 74.2 | 71.5 | 49.6 | 21.4 |
| (4) | – | ✓ | ✓ | – | 74.5 | 63.8 | 75.0 | 75.5 | 51.8 | 26.0 |
| (5) | – | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 84.1 | 71.9 | 75.2 | 82.3 | 57.6 | 35.3 |
| Row | Route | Review | Images | Rec. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | – | – | – | 12.1 |
| (2) | ✓ | ✓ | – | 21.2 |
| (3) | ✓ | – | ✓ | 18.2 |
| (4) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 25.8 |
| Method | Succ. Recall | Fail. Recall | Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Self-Stopping | 100.0 | 0.0 | 55.6 |
| Evaluator (Ours) | 76.0 | 65.0 | 71.1 |
| Oracle | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
| Benchmark | Evaluation size | Cross-task memory | Max. steps per attempt |
|---|---|---|---|
| R2R-CE | 100 episodes | Disabled | 30 |
| RxR-CE | 100 episodes | Disabled | 50 |
| HM3D-OVON | 150 episodes | Disabled | 40 |
| IR2R-CE | 299 episodes | Enabled | 30 |
| GOAT-Bench | 307 subtasks | Enabled | 40 |
| Track / Record | Stored fields and evidence references |
|---|---|
| Observation Anchor (Immutable Evidence) | |
| Observation | Scene-global ID, source attempt ID, local step, 6-DoF pose, camera intrinsics/extrinsics, and filesystem image references. |
| Scene Knowledge ( ) | |
| Place | Unique ID, parent region ID, member observation IDs, visual description, representative viewpoint image references. |
| Region | Unique ID, semantic room category label, natural-language architectural summary, and member place IDs. |
| Object | Instance ID, semantic category, 3D metric bounding box, fused point cloud, and multi-view RGB/mask evidence. |
| Benchmark | Model | First | Final | Cumulative | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SR | SPL | Steps | PL (m) | SR | SPL | Steps | PL (m) | SPL | Steps | PL (m) | ||
| R2R-CE | GPT-6-Astra | 77.3 | 71.5 | 12.1 | 9.7 | 84.0 | 75.4 | 16.2 | 13.5 | 66.3 | 17.6 | 14.3 |
| GPT-5.6-Sol | 66.3 | 52.2 | 14.3 | 11.4 | 76.3 | 66.4 | 18.3 | 15.0 | 52.0 | 21.2 | 17.1 | |
| Qwen3.8-27B | 50.7 | 39.6 | 14.5 | 11.7 | 58.0 | 49.5 | 18.7 | 15.5 | 38.3 | 21.6 | 17.6 | |
| RxR-CE | GPT-6-Astra | 75.3 | 69.8 | 15.9 | 13.6 | 84.0 | 70.9 | 16.3 | 14.2 | 66.9 | 21.2 | 18.2 |
| GPT-5.6-Sol | 62.0 | 55.5 | 18.0 | 15.2 | 76.7 | 61.0 | 17.8 | 15.1 | 54.2 | 26.1 | 22.0 | |
| Benchmark | Model | Calls | Tokens (K) | Cumulative model-call time (s) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Input | Output | Navigation | Retry brief | Evaluator | Object annot. | Memory builder | Total | |||
| R2R-CE | GPT-5.6-Sol | 65.3 | 663.0 | 12.2 | 302.0 | 47.7 | 49.9 | / | / | 399.6 |
| GPT-6-Astra | 44.8 | 445.0 | 5.8 | 218.0 | 19.5 | 41.1 | / | / | 278.6 | |
| RxR-CE | GPT-5.6-Sol | 53.0 | 629.5 | 9.2 | 366.5 | 25.0 | 60.9 | / | / | 452.4 |
| GPT-6-Astra | 39.3 | 382.4 | 3.6 | 247.8 | 5.8 | 57.2 | / | / | 310.8 | |
| HM3D-OVON | GPT-5.6-Sol | 29.2 | 199.1 | 5.3 | 162.0 | 23.1 | 27.6 | / | / | 212.7 |
| Scheme | SR | SPL | OSR | Steps | Tokens (K) | Time (s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Two-stage | 56.0 | 48.77 | 72.0 | 17.65 | 265.41 | 156.77 |
| Joint | 47.0 | 39.65 | 61.0 | 18.29 | 390.92 | 125.93 |
Robot Navigation
Robot navigation studies how robots perceive, localize, plan, and move safely toward goals in static or changing environments.
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