Reversible Dynamics, Asymmetric Actions: Parking as a Trajectory-Level Affordance
Organizations: Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York
Abstract
Drivers are often told to back into a tight parking space, not drive in nose first. The advice looks paradoxical, because a slow car is dynamically reversible: reverse its speed and replay the steering backward, and it retraces a feasible path. Played backward, though, reverse-in shows a car driving forward out of the space. Reverse-in and forward-in are different tasks: they share a start position but end facing opposite ways. We separate three clearances between car and obstacles. Static fit is the clearance the parked car keeps at its best acceptable destination pose. Eventual access is the clearance it can keep all the way there with unlimited corrections. Resource-bounded access is the clearance that survives a budget of reversals, switches between forward and reverse. They satisfy . In one fully specified scene (one car, bay, aisle and start), a certified argument proves m for both tasks. In this scene, all certified forward/reverse asymmetry therefore arises at finite : it lies in how many corrections each task needs, not in the clearance either can eventually keep. With one reversal, an explicit path gives reverse-in at least m clearance. A certified reachability argument caps forward-in's one-reversal clearance at m. With two reversals, forward-in gets at least m. To keep a clearance strictly above any with m, reverse-in thus needs exactly one reversal and forward-in exactly two when both tasks move forward first. If both move in reverse first, the counts are two and three. The contrast depends on the start position (Section 4.15). Proposed experiments test whether observers distinguish fit, eventual access and budgeted access. They compare these with simpler cues, such as how the turning body sweeps, and learned manoeuvre labels.
Figures & tables
| reversal budget | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.30 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.90 | 1.00 | |
| 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 1.00 | |
| Motion sign | left, | straight, | right, |
|---|---|---|---|
| forward, | nose yaws left | no yaw | nose yaws right |
| stopped, | no body motion | no body motion | no body motion |
| reverse, | nose yaws right | no yaw | nose yaws left |
| Component | Status in this paper |
|---|---|
| Low-speed bicycle kinematics and reversible car paths | Established background |
| Front/rear axle and finite-body sweep geometry | Established/elementary geometry |
| Front-in versus reverse-in spatial requirements | Established parking-engineering prior art |
| Maximum-clearance path optimization | Established robotics concept |
| Automobile affordance judgments | Established psychology prior art |
| General distinction between fit and passability | Established affordance idea |
| Class | Static fit | Eventual access | Bounded access | Diagnostic purpose |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | matched | certified different | unrestricted | separates eventual access from fit |
| B | matched | matched | certified different | tests resource-bounded representation |
| C | matched | matched | matched | estimates residual manoeuvre-label bias |
| D | controlled | controlled | certified ordering | forces a named perceptual proxy to disagree with the margin ordering |
| witness | segment | gear | (m -1 ) | (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| reverse-in, 1 reversal | 1 | forward | ||
| 2 | reverse | |||
| 3 | reverse | |||
| 4 | reverse | |||
| forward-in, 2 reversals | 1 | forward | ||
| 2 | reverse |
| certified object | task | first moving gear | last moving gear | reversals |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| m, witness | reverse-in | forward | reverse | 1 |
| m, witness | forward-in | forward | forward | 2 |
| m, B.2a | forward-in | reverse | forward | 1 |
| reverse-run confinement, m | any single reverse run from the start | reverse | reverse | 0 |
| first-gear rule | reversals reverse-in needs | reversals forward-in needs |
|---|---|---|
| shared, forward (this paper’s convention) | 1 | 2 |
| chosen freely by each task | 1 | 2 |
| shared, reverse | 2 | 3 |
| Task | Certified seed-path clearance | Terminal position error | Terminal heading error |
|---|---|---|---|
| forward-in | 0.2579 m | 0.1991 m | 3.08° |
| reverse-in | 0.3435 m | 0.1345 m | 3.08° |
Kinodynamic Motion Planning
Kinodynamic motion planning finds safe, efficient robot motions while accounting for dynamics, control limits, and changing environments.
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