Temporal Audio Grounding

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7 papers in the last four weeks, against 2 the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

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Latest papers 18

Oct 7, 2026cs.CV

TiTok: Audio-Visual LLM for Multi-Segment Temporal Grounding

Audio-visual multi-segment grounding (AV-MSG) in untrimmed videos, reasoning over audio-visual evidence and predicting multiple segments for a query, is a fundamental problem but remains challenging. Visual-only models overlook complementary acoustic cues, while audio-visual models often fail to calibrate the number of events - a phenomenon we refer to as count miscalibration. We present TiTok, an audio-visual large language model (AV-LLM) that localizes an arbitrary number of temporal event segments for each query. For precise boundary prediction, we introduce the Time Token Interleaving (TTI) method, which explicitly injects special time tokens into the audio-visual stream to align input-side temporal perception with output-side temporal prediction. We further propose decoupled, multi-segment-oriented rewards for reinforcement learning, consisting of global, local, count, precision, and format rewards, optimized with Group reward-Decoupled Normalization Policy Optimization (GDPO). To assess the performance on AV-MSG, we establish a new UnAV-100-based evaluation protocol, and propose the CountF1 metric for quantifying count miscalibration that overlap metrics fail to capture. TiTok reaches 65.7 mIoU and 0.58 CountF1, achieving state-of-the-art performance. Our code is available at this link.

Eunji Shin, Dahyun Choi, Seungyeon Jo +2

Department of Artificial Intelligence, Ewha Womans University · Division of Artificial Intelligence & Software, Ewha Womans University

Multimodal Grounding Multimodal Large Language Models Temporal Audio Grounding

Oct 5, 2026eess.AS

Revisiting Frame-Wise Saliency for Audio Moment Retrieval

This paper revisits frame-wise saliency for audio moment retrieval (AMR). We show that the frame-wise saliency sequence, conventionally used only as an auxiliary output in DETR-based AMR models, can itself serve as an effective source of moment predictions. We convert the saliency sequence into ranked moments using a simple SED-inspired segmentation rule with no learned parameters, enabling moment retrieval directly from frame-wise temporal information. On the CASTELLA dataset, saliency-based prediction consistently outperforms decoder-based prediction from the same model across all 18 runs of QD-DETR and CG-DETR. For QD-DETR, simply replacing the inference output improves [email protected] from 21.0 to 36.1. The advantage remains 7-15 points when the two outputs are evaluated at their independently selected best epochs. The same tendency extends to TaskWeave and UVCOM, whereas TR-DETR shows the opposite behavior, suggesting that how saliency construction may matter. The performance gap is especially pronounced for short moments: for queries whose annotated moments average at most 2 s, [email protected] improves from 6.3 to 27.8 with QD-DETR. Decoder supervision nevertheless benefits saliency-based prediction, indicating that its role during training differs from the utility of its inference output.

Tatsuya Komatsu, Hokuto Munakata

LY Corporation, Tokyo, Japan

Detection Transformer Audio Understanding Temporal Audio Grounding

Oct 1, 2026cs.SD

RMS-AQA: A Two-Stage Spatial Audio Question Answering Benchmark for Real-World Domestic Environments

Embodied assistants in domestic environments must infer what happened, where and when it occurred, and how to respond. To address this, we introduce RMS-AQA, a spatial audio question answering (SAQA) benchmark for real-world domestic environments. The benchmark features a two-stage question-answering (QA) format to comprehensively assess the ability of audio-language models (ALMs) to first ground audible sound events and subsequently perform complex spatio-temporal reasoning based on that grounding. To maximize acoustic realism, our dataset combines authentic real-world first-order Ambisonics (FOA) recordings with high-fidelity synthetic data generated using measured room impulse responses (RIRs). Furthermore, we provide a lightweight spatial plug-in that injects FOA-format data into frozen audio-language backbones. Experimental results reveal that the primary challenges stem from concurrent sources, far distance, and sim-to-real domain gap between RIR-synthesized and authentic recordings.

Peihao Chen, Qing Wang, Lichun Fan +12

University of Science and Technology of China, China · Xiaomi Corporation, China · DataoceanAI, China +2

Audio-Language Model Evaluation Audio QA Audio Reasoning Temporal Audio Grounding Spatial Audio

Sep 28, 2026cs.SD

On Temporal Binding in Large Audio Language Models

Reasoning about temporal structure of audio recordings requires Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) to associate sound events with their temporal position. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is a first step toward diagnosing failures and identifying model components that may need improvement. Using mechanistic interpretability, we investigate how temporal information is represented and bound to sound events in three open-source LALMs. We find that across all three, event-specific location becomes concentrated in event name representations at intermediate modality integration layers. These representations encode coarse event position along a low-dimensional, curved relative time trajectory. Steering event name representations along this trajectory systematically shifts before/after beliefs, providing evidence that these representations contribute to coarse temporal reasoning. In contrast, the same interventions do not reliably shift predicted onset timestamps, suggesting that coarse temporal reasoning and precise metric event localization rely on distinct mechanisms.

Paul Primus, Gerhard Widmer

Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria · LIT Artificial Intelligence Lab, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria

LLM Interpretability Audio Reasoning Audio-Language Models Temporal Audio Grounding

Sep 24, 2026cs.SD

TEMA: Evidence-Grounded Temporal Question Answering in Multi-Turn Multi-Audio Dialogs

Multi-turn, multi-audio temporal question answering requires models to track target events across follow-up questions, recording switches, and historical references, recovering complete instances and their boundaries for temporal calculation and comparison. We propose TEMA, which connects event perception with evidence-based answering through Route, specifying the audio scope, and Span, describing all relevant intervals as conditional audio captions. We construct TEMA-Dialog with 40,704 dialogs and per-turn evidence and answer supervision, and TEMA-Bench for joint evaluation of evidence and final answers. Training combines temporal grounding initialization, full-dialog supervised fine-tuning, and completeness-first Span-only GRPO. Experiments on Qwen2.5-Omni and AF-Next show improved temporal question answering, particularly event localization and cross-audio comparison. Reinforcement learning applied solely to evidence further improves interval recovery and answer accuracy.

Kaidi Yang, Hualei Wang, Zhaohui Wang +3

Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Audio QA Temporal Audio Grounding Temporal QA

Sep 20, 2026cs.SD

MuLA-Bench: A Multilingual Long-Form Audio Understanding Benchmark via Multi-Tier Auditing

Long-form audio performance is often summarized by context length and aggregate accuracy, obscuring how language, evidence, and task jointly shape difficulty. We introduce MuLA-Bench: 5,038 open-ended questions over 1,769 in-the-wild recordings totaling 1,377.9 hours, covering 16 languages and eight domains. A balanced Language x Domain semantic track supports controlled comparisons, while a complementary acoustic track preserves naturally occurring non-speech evidence. Evidence-grounded generation, shortcut checks, and language-expert review provide auditable questions without translating a shared source set or injecting target sounds. We evaluate ten audio-language models and conduct pooled diagnostics on a fixed eight-model cohort. Language rankings change across domains and tasks; acoustic-semantic performance gaps vary with the requested operation; and temporal errors can persist after the correct event is identified. Long-range retrieval is comparatively strong, while precise clock alignment and factual grounding of natural acoustic events remain fragile. MuLA-Bench thus exposes conditional failure patterns that a single long-context score does not capture.

Zeyu Yang, Xinyu Zhang, Zibo Bi +5

The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen · Alibaba Token Hub, Alibaba Group · Xi’an Jiaotong University

Audio-Language Model Evaluation Audio Understanding Audio-Language Models Temporal Audio Grounding

Sep 14, 2026cs.SD

Augmenting Large Audio-Language Models with Frame-Level Grounding for Fine-Grained Temporal Perception

Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) have substantially advanced general audio understanding, yet they remain limited in fine-grained temporal perception, particularly in precise event localization. Existing approaches primarily post-train LALMs to predict event boundaries as timestamp tokens. However, this generative formulation lacks explicit correspondence between the timestamp predictions and fine-grained acoustic evidence, limiting the precision and reliability of temporal localization. To address this issue, we augment the LALM with a dedicated frame-level grounding model while leveraging its semantic modeling capability to represent the event query. Specifically, the frozen LALM encodes the event query with audio as context, and the grounding model combines these query representations with fine-grained audio features to localize the target event at the frame level. Extensive experiments across diverse temporal grounding benchmarks demonstrate strong and consistent improvements over existing methods. Further evaluation shows that the grounding model can provide temporal evidence to support downstream reasoning.

Yanfeng Shi, Yan Song, Junhui Li +4

National Engineering Research Center of Speech and Language Information Processing, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China · ICT Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore

Audio Understanding Audio-Language Models Sound Event Detection Temporal Audio Grounding

Sep 14, 2026cs.SD

What Did the MLLM Hear? Token-Level Spectro-Temporal Grounding for Audio MLLM Explainability

Audio-based Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) can generate detailed natural-language descriptions of complex acoustic scenes, yet it remains unclear which parts of the input audio support each generated token. This is particularly challenging because acoustic evidence is distributed across time and frequency, and concurrent sound events may overlap temporally while occupying different spectral regions. We introduce STAG, to our knowledge the first post-hoc framework for token-level spectro-temporal grounding of captions generated by audio-based MLLMs. STAG estimates the temporal support for each generated token using target-token-specific vocabulary projections of the encoded audio representations, measures frequency-band relevance through controlled spectral occlusion, and combines the two signals into a spectro-temporal relevance map. We evaluate STAG against ten post-hoc explanation methods across four grounding benchmarks, where it achieves the best event-localization performance on every dataset, and apply it to eight audio-language backbones without parameter updates. Counterfactual deletion further shows that removing the identified evidence selectively reduces confidence in the corresponding event and frequently removes it from the regenerated caption. These results provide behavioral support for the faithfulness and selectivity of the explanations.

Lucia Cascone, Valeria Fraenza, Michele Nappi +2

Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, Italy

Multimodal Grounding Audio-Language Models Temporal Audio Grounding

Sep 9, 2026eess.AS

NVV-Locator: From Transcript Tags to Acoustic Boundaries for Fine-Grained Nonverbal Vocalization Grounding

Human speech includes nonverbal vocalizations (NVVs), such as laughter, sighs, breaths, and coughs, which convey affective and interactional information. Existing approaches typically represent NVVs as transcript-level tags, providing limited supervision for their waveform-time boundaries. We present NVV-Locator for fine-grained NVV temporal grounding. We first unify 26 NVV categories across public resources and construct large-scale timestamp-supervised training data through dual-LLM verification, transcript-guided forced alignment, and energy-based boundary refinement. We further introduce NVV-TimeBench, an expert-refined benchmark with 667 utterances and 1,094 events. NVV-Locator uses a non-autoregressive slot-filling architecture to jointly predict lexical timestamps, NVV categories, and event boundaries. On NVV-TimeBench, it achieves 71.0% Micro F1, 70.2% Macro F1, 80.4% Macro mIoU, and 59.6 ms Macro mMAE, outperforming the evaluated large audio model counterparts. Evaluation on an external corpus further demonstrates the cross-corpus generalization of NVV-Locator.

Yuang Cao, Bingshen Mu, Zhennan Lin +7

School of Intelligence Science and Technology, Nanjing University, China · State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, China

Audio Understanding Sound Event Detection Temporal Audio Grounding

Aug 30, 2026cs.SD

TEMPO: Temporally-grounded Multi-task Post-training for Large Audio-Language Models

Large audio-language models (LALMs) describe audio at the clip level but cannot assign timestamps to the events, speakers, or sounds they identify. Despite being essential for downstream tasks like speech recognition and dense audio captioning, timestamping remains a key limitation of most LALMs. We present TEMPO (Temporally-grounded Multi-task Post-training), the first unified model to handle audio, speech, and music timestamping tasks. Our core contribution is a supervised fine-tuning (SFT) stage built on three innovations: atomic timestamp tokens, a time-aware projector that injects sinusoidal wall-clock encodings into audio frame embeddings, and a distance-aware Gaussian loss. Our training is based on a synthetic-to-real curriculum. We further introduce, to our knowledge, the first application of reinforcement learning to unified audio timestamping, using GRPO with verifiable temporal rewards that directly optimize the evaluation objectives. Rather than serving as the primary source of performance gains, GRPO acts as a refinement stage on top of the SFT checkpoint, providing modest additional improvements. To support this work, we build a training dataset containing 119K samples and an evaluation benchmark containing 10K samples, drawn from established corpora across five tasks. On this benchmark, TEMPO outperforms Audio Flamingo Next and Qwen3-Omni, two state-of-the-art LALMs explicitly trained on timestamped data. Experiments confirm that SFT delivers most of these gains, with GRPO providing consistent but moderate refinements.

Apoorva Kulkarni, Kaousheik Jayakumar, Sreyan Ghosh +3

University of Maryland, College Park, USA · CNH Industrial India

Audio Understanding Audio-Language Models Temporal Audio Grounding Language Model Post-Training

Aug 26, 2026cs.SD

LongAudioSpan: Spanning the Duration and Depth of Audio Comprehension

General audio comprehension now covers speech, sound, and music over durations from seconds to hours, driven by large audio-language models (LALMs) that are increasingly omni-modal. Yet the benchmarks that test them still rely on clips of seconds, where scores saturate and models converge; recent long-form efforts extend duration but evaluate long audio much as short clips are. We introduce LongAudioSpan, a benchmark that spans both duration and depth: it pairs audio from 10 minutes to over 2 hours with 3,240 questions across three cognitive levels, namely perception, understanding, and reasoning. Two paths supply the questions, differing in how question content is sourced and how ground truth is obtained. Native QA extracts questions from the audio's content, posing each as a multiple-choice item and an open-ended one graded by detailed rubrics. Anchor QA instead injects ground truth, planting acoustic anchors into the audio and building a perception-to-reasoning chain scored only to the first error. A fully automated pipeline constructs every item through structured captioning, QA generation, and adversarial critic feedback. Evaluating 12 LALMs on LongAudioSpan, we find the hard part comes before reasoning: distilling a few relevant facts from a long, redundant signal. This difficulty grows with audio length and falls hardest on perception, especially temporal grounding. LongAudioSpan is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/holvan/LongAudioSpan.

Wen Huang, Yunfei Chu, Meng Gao +2

Qwen Team, Alibaba Group · Tsinghua University · The Chinese University of Hong Kong

Audio-Language Model Evaluation Audio Reasoning Audio Understanding Temporal Audio Grounding

Jul 28, 2026cs.SD

From Semantics to Readout: Mechanistic Understanding of Audio Tokens after Fine-Tuning for Temporal Audio Grounding

Large audio-language models (LALMs) convey acoustic evidence to language decoders through native audio tokens, yet the internal roles of these tokens remain poorly understood. Using temporal audio grounding as a diagnostic setting, we examine how language-model fine-tuning affects the layerwise semantics, decoder accessibility, and temporal output alignment of native audio-token states through four complementary analyses: query-conditioned token semantics, calibrated token readout, temporal-window probes, and residual-delta erasure during generation. Alongside substantial improvements in temporal localization, semantic analysis of Qwen2.5-Omni shows that latent evidence for queried events is already present before fine-tuning and that the audio tokens most strongly aligned with the queried event appear at similar temporal positions before and after fine-tuning. After fine-tuning, event-related information in audio tokens becomes more accessible to the decoder, especially in early and middle layers, and a cross-checkpoint control shows that this improvement arises primarily from decoder adaptation. Temporal probes show that the base checkpoint already contains recoverable information about annotated windows and that fine-tuning mainly improves alignment with each checkpoint's own predicted temporal support. Residual-delta erasure further shows that removing audio-token updates within predicted windows harms timestamp generation more than removing the same number of randomly selected updates. The same broad improvements in decoder readability and prediction alignment also appear in Qwen2-Audio. Together, these results support a semantics-to-readout account in which grounding fine-tuning helps the decoder read existing event evidence and connect it more reliably to temporal outputs.

Yujian Ma, Jinqiu Sang, Ruizhe Li +2

1Shanghai Institute of Artificial Intelligence for Education, East China Normal University, China · School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, China · School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK +1

LLM Grounding LLM Fine-Tuning Audio-Language Models Mechanistic Interpretability Temporal Audio Grounding

Jul 11, 2026eess.AS

GigaChat Audio: Time-aware Large Audio Language Model

Temporal grounding in long recordings remains challenging for audio-conditioned LLMs. We present a time-aware audio LLM that answers questions with explicit timestamps over up to 120 minutes of input. Our approach interleaves periodic time markers with continuous audio tokens using large-scale synthetic supervision from a cascaded pipeline. Our model achieves strong temporal-grounding accuracy on short and long benchmarks and supports time-anchored fragment descriptions and summaries. Extensive ablations examine how time representation, marker frequency, tokenization, and duration-mixture design affect accuracy and computational cost. We release model weights and datasets to support further research on time-aware audio understanding, available at https://huggingface.co/ai-sage/GigaChat3.1-Audio-10B-A1.8B.

Aleksandr Kutsakov, Mariia Sadovina, Georgii Gospodinov +4

SaluteDevices, Russia

Audio QA Audio Understanding Audio-Language Models Temporal Audio Grounding Temporal QA

Jul 5, 2026cs.SD

Auto-AEG: Scalable Data Construction for Open-Vocabulary Audio Event Grounding

Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) reason fluently about sound yet struggle to localize precisely when events occur, while classical Sound Event Detection attains frame-level precision only over a closed label set. At the intersection of these paradigms lies the task of Open-Vocabulary Audio Event Grounding: predicting all time intervals of a target sound event described by an arbitrary natural language query. While this task is crucial for real-world audio understanding and LALM adaptation, it is bottlenecked by data scarcity. Few large-scale resources provide open-vocabulary onset/offset supervision, and manual temporal annotation is prohibitively expensive. To address this, we introduce Auto-AEG, a scalable pipeline that constructs such supervision by automatic data construction and model fine-tuning. It pairs programmatically synthesized clips, which carry exact ground-truth intervals for supervised cold-start, with multi-model pseudo-labels on real-world audio that supply the reward signal for reinforcement learning. Training with this pipeline yields promising performance gains on both the DESED SED benchmark and AEGBench, an independent difficulty-stratified benchmark we release. Our results show that automatically constructed data, coupled with interval-aware reward function design, is an effective data-side route to expanding the temporal localization capability of LALMs.

Zihan Zhang, Xize Cheng, Wenhao Yan +5

Zhejiang University · Tsinghua University

Audio Understanding Audio-Language Models Temporal Audio Grounding

Jun 1, 2026cs.SD

MOSS-Audio Technical Report

MOSS-Audio is a unified audio-language model for speech, environmental sound, and music understanding, supporting audio captioning, time-aware question answering, timestamped transcription, and audio-grounded reasoning. MOSS-Audio couples a dedicated audio encoder with a modality adapter and a large language model: the encoder produces 12.5 Hz temporal representations, the adapter projects them into the decoder space, and the decoder generates autoregressive text outputs. Two design choices are central to the system: DeepStack cross-layer feature injection, which exposes the decoder to acoustic information from multiple encoder depths, and time markers, which provide explicit temporal cues by inserting timestamp markers into the audio-token stream. At the data level, we design an event-preserving audio annotation pipeline that segments raw audio at coherent event boundaries, applies branch-specific annotation to speech, music, and general audio, and merges the results into unified captions for pretraining. The intermediate branch-specific captions are further retained to support the construction of task-oriented SFT data. The model is pretrained on large-scale audio-language data, with time-aware objectives incorporated to support temporal grounding, and then undergoes multi-stage post-training to enhance instruction following and audio-grounded reasoning. We release 4B and 8B variants in both Instruct and Thinking configurations. MOSS-Audio achieves strong performance across general audio understanding, speech captioning, ASR, and timestamped ASR, positioning it as a promising understanding foundation for future voice agents.

Chen Yang, Chufan Yu, Hanfu Chen +27

Audio Understanding Audio-Language Models Automatic Speech Recognition Temporal Audio Grounding Audio Captioning

May 28, 2026cs.CL

MusTBench: Benchmarking and Advancing Temporal Grounding in Music LLMs

Recent Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) have demonstrated promising abilities in understanding musical content. However, whether their responses are grounded in the correct temporal regions of the audio remains underexplored. This limitation is particularly critical for music understanding, where key information often occurs as temporally localized events, such as instrument entries and rhythmic transitions. To address this gap, we introduce MusTBench, a music-expert-validated benchmark designed to evaluate temporal grounding in LALMs through five temporally grounded question-answering tasks. To further improve temporal grounding in existing models, we propose MusT, a novel four-stage temporal optimization recipe spanning music encoder adaptation, LLM adaptation, LLM supervised fine-tuning, and RL-based optimization. Experiments on MusTBench show that existing LALMs struggle with precise temporal grounding, while MusT brings significant improvements over strong baselines. These results establish temporal grounding as a key missing capability in current LALMs and position MusTBench as a challenging benchmark for future research in temporally grounded music understanding.

Daeyong Kwon, Qiyu Wu, Shinobu Kuriya +6

1Seoul National University · 2Sony Group Corporation · 3Sony AI

Audio-Language Model Evaluation Audio Understanding Audio-Language Models Temporal Audio Grounding

Feb 17, 2026cs.SD

TAC: Timestamped Audio Captioning

Large Audio Language Models struggle to disentangle overlapping events in complex acoustic scenes, yielding temporally inconsistent captions and frequent hallucinations. We introduce Timestamped Audio Captioner (TAC), a model that produces temporally grounded audio descriptions at varying degrees of detail and resolution. TAC is trained with a synthetic data pipeline that constructs challenging and dynamic mixtures from real-world audio sources, enabling robust learning under realistic polyphonic conditions. Across event detection and dense captioning, TAC outperforms all competing methods, with a low hallucination rate and accurate temporal grounding. We also introduce TAC-V, an audio-visual pipeline to generate semantically rich audio-visual descriptions. We then show that TAC and TAC-V serves as a "semantic bridge" for a text-only reasoner: a simple TAC

\rightarrow

LLM and TAC-V

\rightarrow

LLM cascade achieves state-of-the-art scores on benchmarks for both audio (MMAU-Pro, MMSU, MMAR) and audio-visual (DailyOmni, VideoHolmes) understanding and reasoning respectively.

Sonal Kumar, Prem Seetharaman, Ke Chen +8

University of Maryland, College Park, USA · Adobe Research, USA · OpenAI, USA (work done while at Adobe).

Audio Captioning Temporal Audio Grounding Audio-Visual Understanding Audio Reasoning

Feb 16, 2026eess.AS

Event-Grounded Question Answering over Long Audio via Structured Retrieval

Answering natural-language questions over multi-hour audio requires both event recognition and temporal grounding. Current large audio-language models perform well on short clips, but are limited by context length, query-time cost, and weak temporal localization. We present LA-RAG (Long Audio-Retrieval Augmented Generation), a structured framework that converts continuous audio into timestamped event records using an open-vocabulary Audio Grounding Model (AGM), stores them in a SQL event database, and answers queries through intent-aware retrieval followed by LLM-based generation. LA-RAG supports offline grounding mode, where long recordings are pre-indexed for low-latency QA, and inference-time grounding mode, where query-conditioned grounding is performed for shorter open-ended clips. We create 24-hour Home-IoT and Industrial-IoT audio benchmarks and augment CASTELLA, a real-world audio moment retrieval dataset with QA pairs. In offline grounding mode, LA-RAG achieves 76.88% overall accuracy on Home-IoT and 71.10% on Industrial-IoT, with average query latencies below 0.6 seconds. In inference-time grounding mode, state-of-the-art LALMs achieve competitive event-detection accuracy on CASTELLA-QA but low temporal detection F1. We further show that LALMs augmented with our structured retrieval metadata achieve consistent temporal detection improvements, with F1 gains of 11-17% across baseline models with improved latency. These results show that explicit timestamped grounding and structured retrieval provide a practical complement to generative audio-language models for deployment-oriented long-audio QA.

Kartik Hegde, Arvind Krishna Sridhar, Naveen Vakada +2

Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., India · Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., USA

Multimodal RAG Audio QA Audio Understanding Audio-Language Models Temporal Audio Grounding Temporal QA