Tree of Thoughts

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ToST: A Tree-of-Thought Socratic Teaching Framework for Multi-Path Guidance and Parallel Thinking
Aug 26, 2026Feng Ling, Heng YuIntelligent Tutoring Systems Tree of Thoughts
Beijing Normal University
Tree-of-Thoughts Reasoning for Text-to-Image In-Context Learning
Jul 8, 2026Stepanida Alekseeva, Jenifer Kalafatovich, Seong-Whan LeeTree of Thoughts Multimodal ICL
Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
LinTree: Improving LLM Reasoning with Explicitly Structured Search Histories
May 29, 2026Liwei Kang, Yee Whye Teh, Wee Sun LeeInference-Time Search Tree of Thoughts
National University of Singapore · University of Oxford
Tree of Thoughts as a Classical Heuristic Search Problem: Formal Foundations and Design Patterns
May 27, 2026Guni SharonInference-Time Search Tree of Thoughts
Texas A&M University
ArborKV: Structure-Aware KV Cache Management for Scaling Tree-based LLM Reasoning
May 21, 2026Yeqiu Chen, Ziyan Liu, Zhenxin Huang +3Inference-Time Search Tree of Thoughts
University of Science and Technology of China
Beyond Fixed Budgets: Characterizing the Inelasticity and Limitations of Tree-of-Thought Reasoning Strategies
May 19, 2026Atkia Mahila, Avinash Maurya, M. Mustafa Rafique +1LLM Evaluation Inference-Time Search
Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, USA · Argonne National Laboratory Lemont, USA
Protein Thoughts: Interpretable Reasoning with Tree of Thoughts and Embedding-Space Flow Matching for Protein-Protein Interaction Discovery
May 19, 2026Kingsley Yeon, Xuefeng Liu, Promit GhosalInference-Time Search Tree of Thoughts
Department of Statistics and CCAM University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637 · School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 · Department of Statistics University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637
Breaking the Reward Barrier: Accelerating Tree-of-Thought Reasoning via Speculative Exploration
May 11, 2026Shuzhang Zhong, Haochen Huang, Shengxuan Qiu +3Inference-Time Search Tree of Thoughts
Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University · School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University · 3ByteDance Seed
Novelty-based Tree-of-Thought Search for LLM Reasoning and Planning
May 7, 2026Leon Hamm, Zlatan AjanovicNovelty Search Tree of Thoughts
1RWTH Aachen
Thinking Like a Clinician: A Cognitive AI Agent for Clinical Diagnosis via Panoramic Profiling and Adversarial Debate
Apr 26, 2026Zhiqi Lv, Duofan Tu, Jun Li +4Tree of Thoughts Clinical Decision Support
School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P.R. China · Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P.R. China · Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, Beijing, PR China +2
ThreadSumm: Summarization of Nested Discourse Threads Using Tree of Thoughts
Apr 19, 2026Olubusayo Olabisi, Ekata Mitra, Ameeta AgrawalTree of Thoughts Text Summarization
Department of Computer Science, Portland State University, USA
Clover: A Neural-Symbolic Agentic Harness with Stochastic Tree-of-Thoughts for Verified RTL Repair
Apr 19, 2026Zizhang Luo, Yansong Xu, Runlin Guo +6Automated Program Repair Tree of Thoughts
Peking University
Think 360°: Evaluating the Width-centric Reasoning Capability of MLLMs Beyond Depth
Mar 24, 2026Mingrui Chen, Hexiong Yang, Haogeng Liu +2Multimodal Reasoning Multimodal Model Evaluation
School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · NLPR&MAIS, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences · Zhongguancun Academy +1
Domain-Specialized Tree of Thought through Plug-and-Play Predictors
Mar 14, 2026Xuanqi Gao, Haoyu Wang, Jun Sun +2LLM Reasoning Tree of Thoughts
Xi’an Jiaotong University, China · Singapore Management University, Singapore · University of Massachusetts at Amherst, United States
Framework of Thoughts: A Foundation Framework for Dynamic and Optimized Reasoning based on Chains, Trees, and Graphs
Feb 18, 2026Felix Fricke, Simon Malberg, Georg GrohInference-Time Optimization Tree of Thoughts
School of Computation, Information and Technology Technical University of Munich

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ToST: A Tree-of-Thought Socratic Teaching Framework for Multi-Path Guidance and Parallel Thinking

Feng Ling, Heng Yu

Beijing Normal University

Intelligent Tutoring Systems Tree of Thoughts

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Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong problem-solving abilities, positioning them as promising agents for Socratic teaching to guide students through step-by-step heuristic questioning. However, existing approaches typically adopt a one-problem-one-solution paradigm, restricting the teaching guidance to a single linear reasoning path. This design limits instructional flexibility, weakens error recovery, and restricts students' ability to engage in parallel thinking to explore multiple valid solutions. To overcome these, we propose ToST, a Tree-of-Thought Socratic Teaching framework that explicitly supports multi-path guidance under a one-problem-multiple-solutions paradigm. ToST employs Parallel Sowing, a parallel-thinking-oriented questioning strategy to encourage students to approach problems from diverse perspectives, and a Multi-Path Adaptive Guidance mechanism to provide more robust and non-linear instructions across alternative solution trajectories. Concurrently, to fill the void in systematically evaluating such non-linear instructional capabilities, we advance the task of multi-path Socratic guidance by establishing MPSG-Bench, a comprehensive benchmark that includes a dataset of 31K multi-path teaching dialogues and a five-dimensional evaluation framework grounded in the SOLO (Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes) theory to assess parallel-thinking guidance. Experimental results demonstrate that ToST significantly enhances guidance success rates while empowering students to navigate and explore multiple solution paths more effectively under both automatic and human metrics.