Organizations: State Key Laboratory of General Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence (BIGAI) · Joint Laboratory of Embodied AI and Humanoid Robots, BIGAI & Unitree Robotics · Shanghai Jiao Tong University · University of Science and Technology of China · Huazhong University of Science and Technology · Beijing Institute of Technology · Unitree Robotics
High-fidelity motion tracking serves as the ultimate litmus test for generalizable, human-level motor skills. However, current policies often hit a "generality barrier": as motion libraries scale in diversity, tracking fidelity inevitably collapses - especially for real-world deployment of high-dynamic motions. We identify this failure as the result of two compounding factors: the learning bottleneck in scaling multi-motion optimization and the physical executability constraints that arise in real-world actuation. To overcome these challenges, we introduce OmniXtreme, a scalable framework that decouples general motor skill learning from sim-to-real physical skill refinement. Our approach uses a flow-matching policy with high-capacity architectures to scale representation capacity without interference-intensive multi-motion RL optimization, followed by an actuation-aware refinement phase that ensures robust performance on physical hardware. Extensive experiments demonstrate that OmniXtreme maintains high-fidelity tracking across diverse, high-difficulty datasets. On real robots, the unified policy successfully executes multiple extreme motions, effectively breaking the long-standing fidelity-scalability trade-off in high-dynamic humanoid control.
Figures & tables
Fig. 2 : Overview of the OmniXtreme . (a) Pretraining phase: A unified base policy is trained via DAgger-based Flow Matching to aggregate diverse motion priors from different motion tracking experts. (b) Post-training phase: The base policy is frozen while a residual policy is optimized under stringent motor constraints, extensive domain randomization, and power-safety regularization to bridge the sim-to-real gap. (c) Onboard deployment: The whole inference pipeline is real-time and executed entirely onboard, facilitating robust and agile control in physical environments.
Parameter Item
Moderate
Aggressive
Noise and Domain Randomization
Joint Position (rad)
±0.01
±0.01
Joint Velocity (rad/s)
±0.5
±0.5
Angular Velocity (rad/s)
±0.2
±0.2
Torso 6D Rotation (rad)
±0.05
±0.05
Base CoM Offset (m)
x : ±0.025,y,z : ±0.05
x : ±0.025,y,z : ±0.05
TABLE I : Configurations for noise, domain randomization, and termination thresholds during pre-training and post-training phases. Here ±x denotes [−x,x] .
Method
LaFAN1+XtremeMotion
XtremeMotion
Unseen Motions
MPJPE ↓
Δ vel ↓
Δ acc ↓
Succ.(%) ↑
MPJPE ↓
Δ vel ↓
Δ acc ↓
Succ.(%) ↑
MPJPE ↓
Succ.(%) ↑
From-scratch RL [ 28 ]
47.95
10.03
3.27
82.95
54.19
14.04
4.04
79.45
56.87
85.29
Specialist → Unified MLP [ 58 ]
33.35
6.70
2.11
94.91
43.43
11.38
2.51
89.22
58.94
85.95
OmniXtreme (Pretrain only)
32.65
6.34
2.04
97.17
37.11
10.46
2.39
95.16
56.25
89.23
OmniXtreme (Pretrain + Post-train)
30.93
6.19
2.13
98.54
36.17
9.94
2.58
95.64
56.05
89.54
TABLE II: Scalable high-fidelity motion tracking under diverse motion sets. OmniXtreme consistently achieves lower kinematic errors and higher success rates than baselines, particularly on high-dynamic and unseen motions.
Skill
#Motions
Attempts
Success (%) ↑
Flip
7
55
96.36
Handspring
5
35
88.57
Acrobatics
4
15
80.00
Breakdance
5
22
86.36
Martial arts
3
30
93.33
Total
24
157
91.08
TABLE III: Real-world evaluation of OmniXtreme on Unitree G1. We evaluate OmniXtreme on physical hardware using motions drawn from the XtremeMotion motion library.
Fig. 3 : Fidelity–scalability trade-off. Tracking success rate as we progressively scale motion diversity and difficulty, while evaluating all policies on a fixed set of the first 10 motions.
Fig. 4 : Capacity scaling. Tracking fidelity and robustness as a function of model capacity. OmniXtreme benefit more strongly from scaling, while conventional MLP controllers saturate earlier.
Skill
None
+MC
+MC+ADR
Full (+MC+ADR+PS)
Flip
△
✓
✓
✓
Breakdance
△
△
✓
✓
Acrobatics
×
△
⊝
✓
TABLE IV: Ablation of post-training mechanisms. Real-world executability of different skills under incremental post-training mechanisms. None : base pretrained policy only; MC : motor constraints; ADR : aggressive domain randomization; PS : power-safety regularization (overcurrent / regenerative protection). ✓ : stable execution; △ : unstable or inconsistent execution; × : consistent failure; ⊝ : failures primarily associated with power-safety protection, such as overcurrent or excessive regenerative braking.
Fig. 5 : Qualitative results. Representative real-world rollouts produced by OmniXtreme , executing qualitatively distinct whole-body motions across diverse styles and contact patterns, including flips, acrobatics, breakdance, and martial-arts behaviors. The results illustrate stable and coordinated execution under rapid contact transitions and timing-sensitive phases on physical hardware.
Motion ID
Motion Source
Motion Description
1
CMU-85-05
Handstand walk.
2
CMU-85-10
Handstand spin.
3
CMU-88-09
Back Handspring with a full twist.
4
CMU-88-08
Back Handspring with a half twist.
5
CMU-90-08
Aerial Cartwheel
6
CMU-85-14
B-boying with a rapid-fire string of back handsprings.
TABLE V : Motion information summary.
Hyperparameter
Value
Architecture
Actor MLP hidden dimensions
[512, 256, 128]
Critic MLP hidden dimensions
[512, 256, 128]
Activation function
ELU
Training
Steps per environment
24
TABLE VI : Motion tracking hyperparameters for teacher training [ 28 ] .
Reward Term
Weight
Expression
Global Torso Position
0.5
exp(−∥perr∥2/0.32)
Global Torso Orientation
0.5
exp(−∥θerr∥2/0.42)
Relative Body Position
1.0
exp(−∥prel_err∥2/0.32)
Relative Body Orientation
1.0
exp(−∥θrel_err∥2/0.42)
Body Linear Velocity
1.0
exp(−∥verr∥2/1.02)
Body Angular Velocity
1.0
exp(−∥ωerr∥2/3.142)
TABLE VII : Reward function terms and expressions for Teacher Policy training [ 28 ] .
Reward Term
Weight
Expression
Global Torso Position
0.5
exp(−∥perr∥2/0.32)
Global Torso Orientation
0.5
exp(−∥(θerr∥2/0.42)
Relative Body Position
1.0
exp(−∥prel_err∥2/0.32)
Relative Body Orientation
1.0
exp(−∥θrel_err∥2/0.42)
Body Linear Velocity
1.0
exp(−∥verr∥2/1.02)
Body Angular Velocity
1.0
exp(−∥ωerr∥2/3.142)
TABLE VIII : Reward function terms and expressions for Residual Policy training. Refer to Sec. V-K for further details regarding power safety regularization.
Actuator
τy1
τy2
vx1
vx2
μs
vact
μd
I
5020-16
24.8
31.9
30.86
40.13
0.6
0.01
0.06
3.610e-03
7520-14.3
71.0
83.3
22.63
35.52
1.6
0.01
0.16
1.018e-02
7520-22.5
111.0
131.0
14.5
22.7
2.4
0.01
0.24
2.510e-02
4010-25
4.8
8.6
15.3
24.76
0.6
0.01
0.06
4.250e-03
TABLE IX : Actuator modeling parameters.
Joint Name
Motor Model
Hip Pitch Joint
7520-22.5
Hip Roll Joint
7520-22.5
Knee Joint
7520-22.5
Hip Yaw Joint
7520-14.3
Ankle Pitch Joint
5020
Ankle Roll Joint
5020
TABLE X : Unitree G1 Joint-to-Motor Mapping.
Skill category
Motion IDs
Flip
5, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 22
Handspring
2, 3, 4, 19, 23
Acrobatics
1, 6, 7, 20, 21
Breakdance
11, 12, 13, 14
Martial arts
8, 17, 38
TABLE XI : Skill-level grouping of real-world evaluation motions. Each skill category groups multiple motion instances with similar semantic meaning and dynamic structure. Motion IDs correspond to retargeted motions used during hardware evaluation.
Training motions
Motion IDs
10
3–10, 13, 14
20
2–10, 13-22
50
All
TABLE XII : Motion subsets used in Q2 fidelity–scalability analysis. All evaluations are performed on the same first 10 extreme motions. Larger training sets (20 and all motions) extend this core set with additional diverse extreme motions.
Humans can progressively acquire highly dynamic motor skills while preserving reliable everyday motor abilities. In contrast, existing humanoid controllers face a trade-off between generalist and specialist capabilities: generalist motion tracking policies struggle to reliably execute rare highly dynamic motions, whereas specialist training can degrade previously acquired behaviors. We introduce Extreme-RGMT, a two-stage continual learning framework for robust generalist humanoid control. The method first learns a generalist motion-tracking base policy from diverse multi-source motion data, then employs an asymmetric skill acquisition and capability consolidation mechanism to constrain policy drift on mastered motions while emphasizing difficult dynamic segments. To address the scarcity of highly dynamic motions, their high failure rates, and the resulting shortage of informative samples, Extreme-RGMT combines difficulty-aware sampling with advantage-prioritized trajectory resampling to emphasize critical segments. Experiments show that Extreme-RGMT achieves state-of-the-art generalist whole-body motion-tracking performance, including substantially improved completion of challenging highly dynamic motions. The resulting controller directly executes diverse unseen highly dynamic motions under fixed references and online inertial motion-capture inputs, advancing generalist whole-body motion-tracking controllers toward highly dynamic motor capabilities at the human-expert level.
Yubiao Ma, Han Yu, Kai Guo +5
School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China. · Humanoid Robotics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China. · School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
Learning motion tracking from rich human motion data is a foundational task for achieving general control in humanoid robots, enabling them to perform diverse behaviors. However, discrepancies in morphology and dynamics between humans and robots, combined with data noise, introduce physically infeasible artifacts in reference motions, such as floating and penetration. During both training and execution, these artifacts create a conflict between following inaccurate reference motions and maintaining the robot's stability, hindering the development of a generalizable motion tracking policy. To address these challenges, we introduce OmniTrack, a general tracking framework that explicitly decouples physical feasibility from general motion tracking. In the first stage, a privileged generalist policy generates physically plausible motions that strictly adhere to the robot's dynamics via trajectory rollout in simulation. In the second stage, the general control policy is trained to track these physically feasible motions, ensuring stable and coherent control transfer to the real robot. Experiments show that OmniTrack improves tracking accuracy and demonstrates strong generalization to unseen motions. In real-world tests, OmniTrack achieves hour-long, consistent, and stable tracking, including complex acrobatic motions such as flips and cartwheels. Additionally, we show that OmniTrack supports human-style stable and dynamic online teleoperation, highlighting its robustness and adaptability to varying user inputs.
Yuhan Li, Peiyuan Zhi, Yunshen Wang +6
Huazhong University of Science and Technology · State Key Lab of General AI, Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence (BIGAI) · Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Physics-based humanoid control relies on training with motion datasets that have diverse data distributions. However, the fixed difficulty distribution of datasets limits the performance ceiling of the trained control policies. Additionally, the method of acquiring high-quality data through professional motion capture systems is constrained by costs, making it difficult to achieve large-scale scalability. To address these issues, we propose a closed-loop automated motion data generation and iterative framework. It can generate high-quality motion data with rich action semantics, including martial arts, dance, combat, sports, gymnastics, and more. Furthermore, our framework enables difficulty iteration of policies and data through physical metrics and objective evaluations, allowing the trained tracker to break through its original difficulty limits. On the PHC single-primitive tracker, using only approximately 1/10 of the AMASS dataset size, the average failure rate on the test set (2201 clips) is reduced by 45% compared to the baseline. Finally, we conduct comprehensive ablation and comparative experiments to highlight the rationality and advantages of our framework.
Weisheng Xu, Qiwei Wu, Jiaxi Zhang +7
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) · University of Oxford