Foundations and Architectures of Artificial Intelligence for Motor Insurance
Abstract
This handbook presents a systematic treatment of the foundations and architectures of artificial intelligence for motor insurance, grounded in large-scale real-world deployment. It formalizes a vertically integrated AI paradigm that unifies perception, multimodal reasoning, and production infrastructure into a cohesive intelligence stack for automotive risk assessment and claims processing. At its core, the handbook develops domain-adapted transformer architectures for structured visual understanding, relational vehicle representation learning, and multimodal document intelligence, enabling end-to-end automation of vehicle damage analysis, claims evaluation, and underwriting workflows. These components are composed into a scalable pipeline operating under practical constraints observed in nationwide motor insurance systems in Thailand. Beyond model design, the handbook emphasizes the co-evolution of learning algorithms and MLOps practices, establishing a principled framework for translating modern artificial intelligence into reliable, production-grade systems in high-stakes industrial environments.
Figures & tables
| Damage Category | Instances |
|---|---|
| Cracked Paint | 273,121 |
| Dent | 332,342 |
| Loose | 114,345 |
| Scrape | 434,237 |
| Method | Backbone | AP | AP50 | AP75 | APs | APm | APl | FPS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mask R-CNN He et al. (2017) | R50-FPN | 31.7 | 50.1 | 34.7 | 11.9 | 29.9 | 41.3 | 8.4 |
| PointRend Kirillov et al. (2020) | R50-FPN | 33.9 | 51.7 | 36.4 | 12.3 | 31.0 | 42.2 | 4.6 |
| Mask Transfiner Ke et al. (2022) | R50-FPN | 34.9 | 52.4 | 37.1 | 13.8 | 32.5 | 45.0 | 6.7 |
| MARS (Ours) | R50-FPN | 36.2 | 53.0 | 38.9 | 15.8 | 34.6 | 47.3 | 6.8 |
| Category | #Instances | Category | #Instances |
|---|---|---|---|
| scrape | 326,200 | missing | 23,790 |
| dent | 136,607 | sticker | 24,257 |
| loose | 94,995 | chip | 1,413 |
| crackedpaint | 74,799 | fake | 6,291 |
| torn | 31,725 | fakemud | 3,181 |
| scratch | 4,526 | fakeshadow | 11,954 |
| Category | #Instances | Category | #Instances |
|---|---|---|---|
| frontbumper | 22,432 | doorhandle | 26,054 |
| rearbumper | 18,726 | gastank | 5,663 |
| hood | 17,940 | frontpillar | 16,129 |
| frontfender | 25,998 | rearpillar | 12,508 |
| rearfender | 15,795 | rockerpanel | 15,310 |
| frontdoor | 24,086 | bedsidepanel | 8,396 |
| Model | AP | AP50 | AP75 | AP s | AP m | AP l |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALBERT (Damage) | 36.440 | 60.592 | 37.627 | 21.760 | 30.878 | 49.488 |
| Category | AP | Category | AP | Category | AP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| scrape | 20.372 | dent | 26.810 | loose | 14.585 |
| crackedpaint | 26.186 | torn | 13.451 | scratch | 27.995 |
| crack | 23.171 | brokenlight | 46.593 | crackedglass | 54.830 |
| shatteredglass | 61.567 | eartorn_1 | 30.952 | eartorn_2 | 31.500 |
| crush | 38.551 | missing | 44.191 | ding | 25.191 |
| ruined | 63.553 | sticker | 43.729 | chip | 54.098 |
| Model | AP | AP50 | AP75 | AP s | AP m | AP l |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALBERT (Part) | 62.317 | 85.737 | 68.460 | 33.102 | 56.122 | 73.815 |
| Category | AP | Category | AP | Category | AP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| frontbumper | 69.302 | rearbumper | 79.510 | hood | 82.982 |
| frontfender | 66.774 | rearfender | 66.266 | frontdoor | 75.483 |
| reardoor | 77.840 | trunklid | 66.457 | frontwindshield | 78.282 |
| rearwindshield | 75.307 | frontsidewindow | 72.570 | rearsidewindow | 70.198 |
| sidewindow | 64.325 | sidemirror | 69.005 | headlight | 74.452 |
| grill | 59.826 | lowergrill | 52.100 | taillight | 72.027 |
| Method | IC15 | SVT | IIIT5K | SVTP | CUTE80 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RES50-ViT | 51.08 | 84.85 | 67.17 | 76.28 | 56.94 |
| RES50-DEF-(L3–L4) | 50.22 | 82.23 | 65.30 | 72.25 | 51.39 |
| RES50-ViT | 53.01 | 85.16 | 71.03 | 77.05 | 61.81 |
| RES50-ATT | 42.90 | 71.87 | 58.80 | 59.84 | 44.44 |
| RES50-ATT-ViT | 53.88 | 85.78 | 70.93 | 78.14 | 62.50 |
| RES50-ViT-PE | 57.05 | 87.33 | 73.33 | 81.09 | 65.97 |
Appendix figures & tables6 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
| Instance Type | g5.12xlarge |
|---|---|
| GPU | 4x NVIDIA A10G (24GB) |
| vCPU | 48 |
| Memory | 192 GB |
| Storage | EBS gp3/io2 (1-2 TB) |
| Typical Use | LoRA / QLoRA (7B-13B models) |
| Instance Type | p4d.24xlarge |
|---|---|
| GPU | 8x NVIDIA A100 (40GB) |
| vCPU | 96 |
| Memory | 1152 GB |
| Networking | 400 Gbps (EFA) |
| Typical Use | FSDP / Multi-GPU Distributed Training |
| Instance Type | p5.48xlarge |
|---|---|
| GPU | 8x NVIDIA H100 (80GB) |
| vCPU | 192 |
| Memory | 2 TB |
| Networking | 3200 Gbps (EFA) |
| Typical Use | 70B+ or Multimodal Foundation Models |
| Objective | Action | Expected Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Decouple Models | Convert each model to independent API service | Service-level scalability |
| Introduce Orchestrator | Implement lightweight agent controller | Dynamic stage execution |
| Logging Upgrade | Structured reasoning logs | Traceable AI decisions |
| Objective | Action | Expected Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Vector Memory | Deploy embedding-based retrieval | Similar case reasoning |
| Feedback Loop | Integrate human QC corrections | Continuous improvement |
| Experience Replay | Store failed predictions | Error-aware refinement |
| Objective | Action | Expected Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Planner LLM | Deploy reasoning LLM for workflow selection | Non-linear task execution |
| Tool Selection Agent | Enable dynamic tool invocation | Flexible processing |
| Explainability Engine | Auto-generate reasoning trace | Regulatory compliance |