DATASHI: A Parallel English-Tashlhiyt Corpus for Orthography Normalization and Low-Resource Language Processing
Organizations: Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000 Nancy, France · ISIMA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France
Abstract
DATASHI is a new parallel English-Tashlhiyt corpus that fills a critical gap in computational resources for Amazigh languages. It contains 5,000 sentence pairs, including a 1,500-sentence subset with expert-standardized and non-standard user-generated versions, enabling systematic study of orthographic diversity and normalization. This dual design supports text-based NLP tasks - such as tokenization, translation, and normalization - and also serves as a foundation for read-speech data collection and multimodal alignment. Comprehensive evaluations with state-of-the-art Large Language Models (GPT-5, Claude-Sonnet-4.5, Gemini-2.5-Pro, Mistral, Qwen3-Max) show clear improvements from zero-shot to few-shot prompting, with Gemini-2.5-Pro achieving the lowest word and character-level error rates and exhibiting robust cross-lingual generalization. A fine-grained analysis of edit operations - deletions, substitutions, and insertions - across phonological classes (geminates, emphatics, uvulars, and pharyngeals) further highlights model-specific sensitivities to marked Tashlhiyt features and provides new diagnostic insights for low-resource Amazigh orthography normalization.
Figures & tables
| Language | Tokens | Avg. sentence len. | Min len. | Max len. | Vocabulary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | 43,654 | 8.68 | 2 | 16 | 3,160 |
| Non-std. Tashlhiyt | 35,714 | 7.11 | 2 | 18 | 7,261 |
| Language | Tokens | Avg. sentence len. | Min len. | Max len. | Vocabulary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard Tashlhiyt | 12,211 | 8.14 | 2 | 21 | 3,683 |
| Non-std. Tashlhiyt | 10,698 | 7.13 | 2 | 18 | 4,583 |
| Consonants | Count | Consonants | Count |
|---|---|---|---|
| tt | 810 | ll | 465 |
| ss | 372 | nn | 397 |
| dd | 295 | mm | 150 |
| 187 | kk | 182 | |
| yy | 137 | gg | 139 |
| ṣṣ | 121 | ṭṭ | 111 |
| Neo. shi | Ver. shi | English |
|---|---|---|
| tihirit | ṭṭumubil | car |
| tasnbḍayt | lmḥkama | court |
| tusnakt | lmaṭ | mathematics |
| Arc. shi | Con. shi | English |
|---|---|---|
| tawuri | lxdmt | work / function |
| taḍḍanga | lmuja | wave |
| arqqas | ṛṛasul | messenger |
| Model | Zero-Shot | Few-Shot | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WER (%) | LD | WER (%) | LD | |
| Claude-Sonnet-4.5 | 47.5 | 4.86 | 43.1 | 4.43 |
| Gemini-2.5-Pro | 37.8 | 3.94 | 35.5 | 3.65 |
| GPT-5 | 51.9 | 5.60 | 48.7 | 5.25 |
| Mistral-Large-2411 | 58.2 | 6.16 | 54.7 | 5.80 |
| Qwen3-Max | 63.4 | 7.46 | 56.8 | 5.99 |
| Category | Claude-Sonnet-4.5 | Gemini-2.5-Pro | GPT-5 | Mistral-Large-2411 | Qwen3-Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emphatics | 271 | 188 | 307 | 360 | 317 |
| Pharyngeals | 10 | 10 | 11 | 17 | 15 |
| Uvulars | 8 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 13 |
| Labialization | 125 | 95 | 132 | 138 | 128 |
| Gemination | 2962 | 2144 | 3304 | 4056 | 3738 |
| Model | D | S | I |
|---|---|---|---|
| Claude-Sonnet-4.5 | 3000 | 3215 | 1452 |
| Mistral-Large-2411 | 4131 | 4405 | 1293 |
| Gemini-2.5-Pro | 2182 | 2516 | 1818 |
| Qwen3-Max | 3801 | 4673 | 4672 |
| GPT-5 | 3357 | 3806 | 1732 |
| Category | Claude-Sonnet-4.5 | Gemini-2.5-Pro | GPT-5 | Mistral-Large-2411 | Qwen3-Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emphatics | 1146 | 686 | 1183 | 1165 | 1450 |
| Pharyngeals | 41 | 34 | 250 | 576 | 391 |
| Uvulars | 103 | 37 | 283 | 570 | 796 |
| Labialization | 59 | 26 | 26 | 14 | 22 |
| Gemination | 3084 | 2380 | 3626 | 4200 | 4470 |
| Category | Claude-Sonnet-4.5 | Gemini-2.5-Pro | GPT-5 | Mistral-Large-2411 | Qwen3-Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emphatics | 10 | 14 | 12 | 0 | 11 |
| Pharyngeals | 9 | 10 | 30 | 15 | 109 |
| Uvulars | 3 | 3 | 16 | 1 | 46 |
| Labialization | 14 | 2 | 15 | 1 | 0 |
| Gemination | 1366 | 1714 | 1626 | 1185 | 4296 |
Low-Resource Language Processing
Low-resource language processing builds and evaluates language technologies for languages with limited data, tools, or digital representation.
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