VehicleMemBench: An Executable Benchmark for Multi-User Long-Term Memory in In-Vehicle Agents
Organizations: University of Science and Technology of China · iFLYTEK Research · Xiamen University · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Abstract
With the growing demand for intelligent in-vehicle experiences, vehicle-based agents are evolving from simple assistants to long-term companions. This evolution requires agents to continuously model multi-user preferences and make reliable decisions in the face of inter-user preference conflicts and changing habits over time. However, existing benchmarks are largely limited to single-user, static question-answer settings, failing to capture the temporal evolution of preferences and the multi-user, tool-interactive nature of real vehicle environments. To address this gap, we introduce VehicleMemBench, a multi-user long-context memory benchmark built on an executable in-vehicle simulation environment. The benchmark evaluates tool use and memory by comparing the post-action environment state with a predefined target state, enabling objective and reproducible evaluation without LLM-based or human scoring. VehicleMemBench includes 23 tool modules, and each sample contains over 80 historical memory events. Experiments show that powerful models perform well on direct instruction tasks but struggle in scenarios involving memory evolution, particularly when user preferences change dynamically. Even advanced memory systems struggle to handle domain-specific memory requirements in this environment. These findings highlight the need for more robust and specialized memory management mechanisms to support long-term adaptive decision-making in real-world in-vehicle systems. To facilitate future research, we release the data and code.
Figures & tables
| Model | Recursive Summarization | Key Value Store | Gold Memory | |||||||||
| ESM | F-F1 | V-F1 | Calls | ESM | F-F1 | V-F1 | Calls | ESM | F-F1 | V-F1 | Calls | |
| MiniMax-M2.1 | 50.00 | 72.41 | 67.16 | 2.43 | 30.40 | 49.26 | 43.29 | 3.93 | 74.00 | 86.32 | 84.55 | 2.16 |
| MiniMax-M2.5 | 52.20 | 74.54 | 69.48 | 2.61 | 32.60 | 49.67 | 45.12 | 3.81 | 77.20 | 87.88 | 86.08 | 2.25 |
| Kimi-K2 | 53.00 | 79.83 | 72.64 | 3.34 | 43.60 | 71.31 | 64.73 | 5.99 | 82.80 | 91.59 | 89.68 | 2.29 |
| Kimi-K2.5 | 56.40 | 79.46 | 75.56 | 3.23 | 44.00 | 70.66 | 63.76 | 6.40 | 81.00 | 91.32 | 89.10 | 2.29 |
| Qwen3-Max | 60.60 | 82.20 | 77.33 | 2.87 | 46.60 | 73.74 | 66.26 | 5.99 | 83.60 | 92.73 | 90.55 | 2.15 |
| Model | Memory System | Exact State Match | Overall | |||||
| Pref. Conflict | Coref. Res. | Cond. Const. | State Shift | Err. Corr. | ESM | Mem Token | ||
| Gemini-3-Pro Preview | Gold Memory | 92.62 | 92.78 | 87.25 | 90.00 | 88.71 | 90.60 | 93.29 |
| Rec. Sum. | 67.79 | 61.86 | 62.75 | 62.22 | 69.35 | 64.80 | 303.25 | |
| Key Value Store | 64.93 | 52.38 | 52.13 | 49.38 | 67.27 | 57.37 | 29.25 | |
| Memobase | 32.21 | 24.74 | 30.39 | 32.22 | 24.19 | 29.40 | 993.49 | |
| LightMem | 55.70 | 68.75 | 59.80 | 61.11 | 61.29 | 60.72 | 170.19 | |
Appendix figures & tables13 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
| Groups | Personas | Queries | Chains | Events/inst. | Delay (d) | History (avg.) |
| 50 | 150 | 500 | 1,500 | 81.78 | 23.16 | 2,690 lines / 92,819 tokens |
| Reasoning type | Count | Share (%) | Target module | Count | Share (%) |
| Preference Conflict | 149 | 29.8 | Navigation | 96 | 19.2 |
| Conditional Constraint | 102 | 20.4 | Seat | 85 | 17.0 |
| Coreference Resolution | 97 | 19.4 | Light | 64 | 12.8 |
| State Shift | 90 | 18.0 | AirConditioner | 64 | 12.8 |
| Error Correction | 62 | 12.4 | InstrumentPanel | 42 | 8.4 |
| Music | 41 | 8.2 |
| Category | Module | # APIs | Representative APIs |
| Display & Info | HUD | 3 | switch, set_brightness_level, set_height_level |
| CenterInformationDisplay | 5 | set_power, set_brightness, set_auto_brightness, set_language, set_time_format | |
| InstrumentPanel | 8 | set_theme, set_color, set_brightness, set_behavior_mode, set_language | |
| OverheadScreen | 4 | switch, set_brightness_level, set_language, set_time_format | |
| Climate & Comfort | AirConditioner | 6 | set_temperature, set_fan_speed, set_air_direction, set_mode, set_circulation |
| Seat | 15 | set_heating, set_massage, set_ventilation, set_position, set_headrest_height |
| Model | Exact State Match | Overall | ||||
| Pref. Conflict | Coref. Res. | Cond. Const. | State Shift | Err. Corr. | ||
| MiniMax-M2.1 | 16.78 | 12.37 | 17.65 | 15.56 | 6.45 | 14.60 |
| MiniMax-M2.5 | 16.11 | 18.56 | 17.65 | 17.78 | 12.90 | 16.80 |
| Kimi-K2 | 14.09 | 11.34 | 19.61 | 14.44 | 9.68 | 14.20 |
| Kimi-K2.5 | 20.13 | 16.49 | 15.69 | 14.44 | 14.52 | 16.80 |
| Qwen3-Max | 20.81 | 15.46 | 16.67 | 16.67 | 12.90 | 17.20 |
| Stage | Model | Temp. | Description |
| Profile enrichment | Gemini-3-Pro-Preview | 0.7 | Enriches seed personas with structured attributes and detects preference conflicts. |
| Event chain generation | Gemini-3-Pro-Preview | 0.8 | Generates structured event chains covering five reasoning types per user group. |
| Dialogue generation | GPT-4.1 | 0.7 | Converts structured events into natural multi-turn conversations among occupants. |
| Answer generation | Gemini-3-Pro-Preview | 0.0 | Generates reference tool-call sequences and executes them in the simulator for verification. |
| Family | Model | Thinking Mode |
| Google Gemini | Gemini-3-Pro-Preview | ✓ |
| OpenAI | GPT-5 | ✓ |
| ByteDance | Doubao-Seed-1.6 | ✓ |
| MiniMax | MiniMax-M2.5 | ✓ |
| MiniMax-M2.1 | ✓ | |
| Zhipu GLM | GLM-5 | ✓ |
| Memory System | Type | Description |
| Recursive Summarization | Scenario-specific | Incrementally compresses daily dialogues into a single text summary of vehicle-related preferences; the final summary is injected into the system prompt at evaluation time. |
| Key Value Store | Scenario-specific | Maintains an explicit key-value store via memory add/memory remove/memory search tool calls; at evaluation time, the agent queries the store via memory list and memory search. |
| MemOS | General-purpose | Manages heterogeneous memories through structured memory units (MemCubes) with lifecycle scheduling. |
| Mem0 | General-purpose | Automatically extracts, compresses, and persistently stores key user information for personalization. |
| LightMem | General-purpose | Lightweight framework organizing information into short-term and long-term memory stages with efficient compression. |
| Memobase | General-purpose | Incrementally structures and organizes user preferences across multi-turn conversations. |
| Parameter | Value |
| Decoding temperature | 0.0 (greedy) |
| Maximum generation tokens | 8,192 |
| Maximum tool-call rounds per query | 10 |
| Tool choice | auto |
| API retry attempts on failure | 3 |
| History tokenizer (for statistics) | GPT-4o |
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