In medical applications, raw data is frequently associated with significant privacy concerns, lending particular importance to the encoding of summary statistics from the literature. On the other hand, deep learning has become an invaluable tool for assessing symptoms based on visual or auditory sensor data. DeepProbLog allows for an extensible neuro-symbolic approach that accommodates connectionist components to analyse patient images within a transparent and rigorous probabilistic framework, namely probabilistic logic programming under the distribution semantics. Framed as a case study in stroke detection from multimodal data, this contribution explores the pathway from summary statistics available in the literature to a DeepProbLog-based diagnostic system. It suggests a workflow using established maximum entropy techniques to complete available probabilistic information and the probabilistic logic programming system ProbLog 2 to move from the entropy-maximising causal model to a discriminative neuro-symbolic model expressible within DeepProbLog. The relative performance of models derived from less complete data is analysed alongside the potential of the probabilistic inductive logic programming system ProbFOIL 2 for compressing large discriminative models, and the perspectives and implications of using DeepProbLog for diagnostic reasoning are discussed.
Neurosymbolic systems such as DeepProbLog combine neural perception with probabilistic logic, but standard inference is associational. Counterfactual reasoning additionally requires a causal semantics for interventions and evidence. We introduce DeepSWIP, a single-world counterfactual semantics for DeepProbLog programs. Using neural materialization, we reduce fixed-context neural predicates to ordinary ProbLog choices, apply Single World Intervention Programs (SWIPs), and compute counterfactuals by weighted model counting (WMC) over a single transformed program. Under finite grounding and unique-supported-model assumptions, DeepSWIP is exact relative to the learned materialized FCM. The standard quotient-WMC form of ProbLog conditionals identifies active neural probabilities and explains intervention cleaning, calibration sensitivity, and rare-evidence instability. Experiments on MPI3D confirm the transformation against a DeepTwin construction against 12,000 queries, as predicted and a 2.14× inference speedup from avoiding the Twin's endogenous duplication. A SUMO HOV experiment shows that neural calibration degradation biases plug-in estimates, while a correctly scoped randomized-policy AIPW estimator removes most first-order bias for population mean and ATE estimands. Code is at https://github.com/saibib/deep_SWIP.
DeepLog is an operational neurosymbolic framework that unifies logic and deep learning within standard PyTorch workflows. While existing neurosymbolic systems focus on a particular paradigm and semantics, DeepLog serves as a universal backend that can emulate many systems in the neurosymbolic alphabet soup. By treating diverse neurosymbolic languages as high-level specifications, the DeepLog software automatically compiles them into optimized arithmetic circuits. This design lowers the barrier for machine learning practitioners by treating logic as composable modules, while providing neurosymbolic developers with a shared, high-performance basis for prototyping new integration strategies. The code is available here: https://github.com/ML-KULeuven/deeplog
Robin Manhaeve, Stefano Colamonaco, Vincent Derkinderen +4
Diagnostic prediction and clinical reasoning are critical tasks in healthcare applications. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in commonsense reasoning, they still struggle with diagnostic reasoning due to limited domain knowledge. Existing approaches often rely on internal model knowledge or static knowledge bases, resulting in knowledge insufficiency and limited adaptability, which hinder their capacity to perform diagnostic reasoning. Moreover, these methods focus solely on the accuracy of final predictions, overlooking alignment with standard clinical reasoning trajectories. To this end, we propose MultiDx, a two-stage diagnostic reasoning framework that performs differential diagnosis by analyzing evidence collected from multiple knowledge sources. Specifically, it first generates suspected diagnoses and reasoning paths by leveraging knowledge from web search, SOAP-formatted case, and clinical case database. Then it integrates multi-perspective evidence through matching, voting, and differential diagnosis to generate the final prediction.~Extensive experiments on two public benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.