OmniStepBench: Deployment-Aware Agent Evaluation across Modalities and Task Complexity
Organizations: Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences · School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · MiLM Plus, Xiaomi Inc. · Department of Computer Science, Brown University
Abstract
As large language models evolve from question-answering systems into general-purpose agents, evaluation must move beyond static answer correctness to assess multimodal perception, multi-step execution, tool use, and artifact delivery. However, existing benchmarks are often tied to specific task types, execution environments, or scoring protocols, limiting their comparability, interpretability, and reliability for deployment decisions. We introduce OmniStepBench, a benchmark for deployment-aware agent evaluation across modalities and task complexity. Built on a shared OpenClaw execution environment, OmniStepBench organizes 233 tasks selected and adapted from 22 source benchmarks into a workload matrix defined by input modality and execution form, and evaluates them under a unified contract-based protocol with evidence-based score auditing. We evaluate 30 commercial API models and 12 locally deployed open-weight models (42 models in total) over 9{,}218 applicable model--task runs, reporting accuracy and token consumption alongside reference costs for API models. Results show workload-dependent rankings, distinct accuracy--cost trade-offs between text and multimodal tasks, and competitive but weaker overall performance from local models. These findings support deployment decisions based on workload profiles, deployment mode, and accuracy--cost trade-offs rather than a single aggregate score.
Figures & tables
| Text | Multi-Modal | |||||||
| Model | SS | MS | MT | Avg | SS | MS | MT | Avg |
| API Deployment | ||||||||
| GPT-6-Astra ( OpenAI, 2026d ) | 96.0 | 82.8 | 70.6 | 80.3 | 70.0 | 94.2 | 67.6 | 78.0 |
| GPT-6.1-Sol ( OpenAI, 2026e ) | 96.1 | 84.0 | 71.3 | 81.2 | 70.0 | 92.3 | 62.9 | 75.7 |
| Claude-Opus-5.5 ( Anthropic, 2026c ) | 99.2 | 84.4 | 65.0 | 79.6 | 75.0 | 92.3 | 53.2 | 73.7 |
| Claude-Opus-4.8 ( Anthropic, 2026b ) | 98.8 | 78.1 | 65.3 | 76.3 | 85.0 | 69.2 | 61.8 | 71.1 |
| Pattern | Local | API | Total |
| Deadlock loop | 86 | 0 | 86 |
| Rubric leakage | 12 | 14 | 26 |
| Pseudo-tool-call credulity | 20 | 0 | 20 |
| Output instability | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| Timeout-with-credit | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| Total | 124 | 19 | 143 |
Appendix figures & tables12 assets
Supplementary material from the paper’s appendix.
Appendix
| ID | Definition |
| SRU | Semantic Reasoning & Understanding: violates constraints, misses aggregation, or answers off-question. |
| TUIE | Tool Use & Information Extraction: insufficient web search/fetch retrieval capability. |
| PPPA | Path Planning & Protocol Adherence: fails to finish within the time limit or to write the required contract artifact (e.g., answer.txt ). |
| FCR | Fine-grained Chart Reading: inspects the figure but misreads legends, curve names, markers, or numeric values. |
| VEB | Visual Evidence Bypass: the task depends on an image, yet the model barely looks at it and guesses via web search or priors. |
| VCS | Visual Common Sense & Entity Recognition: misidentifies the target object, attribute, or person in the image. |
| Model | Sampled | SRU | TUIE | PPPA | FCR | VEB | VCS | OTH |
| API Deployment | ||||||||
| GPT-6-Astra | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| GPT-6.1-Sol | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Claude-Opus-5.5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Claude-Opus-4.8 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Kimi-K3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| (a) Tokens/task and context limits: Local Deployment | |||||||||
| Text | MM | ||||||||
| Model | SS | MS | MT | Avg | SS | MS | MT | Avg | Ctx |
| Qwen3.6-27B | 47k | 52k | 83k | 62k | 58k | 54k | 128k | 81k | 256K |
| Qwen3.6-35B-A3B | 53k | 57k | 86k | 66k | 57k | 68k | 114k | 81k | 256K |
| Qwen3.5-27B | 39k | 64k | 85k | 68k | 49k | 53k | 126k | 78k | 256K |
| Qwen3.5-35B-A3B | 35k | 45k | 78k | 55k | 61k | 62k | 105k | 77k | 262K |
| Text | MM | |||||||
| Model | SS | MS | MT | Avg | SS | MS | MT | Avg |
| GPT-6-Astra | 108k | 137k | 761k | 345k | 176k | 84k | 569k | 281k |
| GPT-6.1-Sol | 106k | 135k | 671k | 313k | 189k | 75k | 730k | 338k |
| Claude-Opus-5.5 | 62k | 76k | 210k | 119k | 86k | 75k | 276k | 149k |
| Claude-Opus-4.8 | 52k | 85k | 301k | 154k | 77k | 98k | 147k | 109k |
| Kimi-K3 | 164k | 93k | 284k | 166k | 59k | 110k | 188k | 123k |
| Model | Provider | Pool | Input | Output | Cache Read | Cache Write |
| API Deployment | ||||||
| GPT-6-Astra | OpenAI | API | 10.00 | 50.00 | 1.00 | 12.50 |
| GPT-6.1-Sol | OpenAI | API | 2.00 | 10.00 | 0.10 | 2.50 |
| Claude-Opus-5.5 | Anthropic | API | 4.00 | 20.00 | 0.20 | 5.00 |
| Claude-Opus-4.8 | Anthropic | API | 5.00 | 25.00 | 0.50 | 6.25 |
| Claude-Opus-4.6 | Anthropic | API | 5.00 | 25.00 | 0.50 | 6.25 |
| Group | #Tasks | Auto | Judge | Hybrid |
| Text-SS | 20 | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| Text-MS | 87 | 64 | 23 | 0 |
| Text-MT | 55 | 35 | 20 | 0 |
| MM-SS | 20 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
| MM-MS | 26 | 16 | 10 | 0 |
| MM-MT | 25 | 0 | 0 | 25 |
| Benchmark | Domain / Capability | #Tasks | Group | Scoring |
| Text Single-Step (Text-SS) | ||||
| LogiQA | Reading comprehension with logical reasoning | 10 | Text-SS | Auto |
| GPQA | Graduate-level science multiple-choice | 10 | Text-SS | Hybrid |
| Text Multi-Step (Text-MS) | ||||
| AdvancedIF | Complex multi-constraint instruction following | 10 | Text-MS | Judge |
| Bamboogle | Multi-hop question answering | 10 | Text-MS | Auto |