Command-line interface (CLI) agents increasingly execute longer-horizon tasks, yet existing benchmarks either assume that user instructions remain fixed throughout execution or evaluate task outcomes without capturing runtime collaboration quality. In this paper, we present REALCLI, a paired benchmark that unifies the evaluation of task execution and human-agent collaboration quality on realistic CLI tasks. To comprehensively measure collaboration, REALCLI builds a five-dimensional framework, operationalized into 22 sub-dimensions and 51 interaction scenario templates. REALCLI provides two modes for paired comparison: REALCLI-EXEC supplies complete specifications upfront, whereas REALCLI-COLLAB introduces a scripted user that delivers progressive information, corrections, constraint revisions, and authorization decisions. Evaluations reveal profound capability gaps in frontier agents: the best configuration attains an average score of only 49.2%, and when evaluated by the joint collaboration score (Jcollab), the peak performance reaches merely 37.6%. These results show that task effectiveness diverges sharply from collaboration quality, with models consistently struggling in steerability, trust calibration, and safety boundary management. REALCLI provides a rigorous, reproducible foundation for measuring and advancing collaborative CLI agents.
Figures & tables
Figure 1: A COLLAB episode in REALCLI. Top: a user script releases the specification in slices and schedules probes. Middle: the agent guards a planted secret but drops a required feature on an unverified claim. Bottom: the verifier scores task outcome; checklists score collaboration.
Benchmark
Ver.
User
Pair
Und
Ste
Obs
Tru
Saf
SWE-bench ( Jimenez et al., 2023 )
✓
✗
✗
✗
✗
✗
✗
✗
Ambig-SWE ( Vijayvargiya et al., 2025 )
✓
✓
✓
✗
✓
✗
✗
✗
Terminal-Bench ( Merrill et al., 2026 )
✓
✗
✗
✗
✗
(✓)
(✓)
✗
LongCLI-Bench ( Feng et al., 2026 )
✓
(✓)
(✓)
✗
(✓)
(✓)
✗
✗
Dialogue SWE-Bench ( King and Flanigan, 2026 )
✓
✓
✗
(✓)
✓
✗
✗
✗
SWE-Together ( Wu et al., 2026 )
✓
✓
✗
✗
(✓)
✗
✗
✗
Table 1: Comparison of RealCLI with representative CLI-agent benchmarks across environment-level verification, runtime user participation, paired evaluation, and five collaboration dimensions. Marks reflect each benchmark’s stated evaluation scope. Ver. : environment-level verification. User : runtime user participation. Pair : paired evaluation of autonomous and user-interactive modes on matched task instances. Und : understandability. Ste : steerability. Obs : observation and recovery. Tru : trust calibration. Saf : safety boundary management. Legend: ✓ explicitly evaluated, (✓) partially or secondarily evaluated, and ✗ not evaluated.
Dimension
Evaluation focus
Sub. / Tpl.
U nderstandability (U)
Legibility of plans, execution state, and outcomes
4 / 12
S teerability (S)
User intervention, redirection, and constraint persistence
5 / 11
O bservation & R ecovery (OR)
State verification and recovery from failures
3 / 9
T rust C alibration (TC)
Accurate disclosure of risks, limits, and task status
5 / 12
S afety & R isk Awareness (SR)
User control over high-impact or unauthorized actions
Figure 3: Statistics dashboard of RealCLI . Fig. (a) shows the task categories and their subdomains. Fig. (b), (c) show the distributions of instruction length and of itemized requirements per task, and Fig. (d) the number of distinct file paths cited per instruction. Fig. (e) shows how the task verifiers are realized. Fig. (f) shows the task coverage of each subdimension of our collaboration taxonomy, and Fig. (g) the distribution of tasks over the scenarios. Fig. (h) shows the evidence source of the checklist items, and Fig. (i) the per-task spread of the four interaction item kinds.
Model
Claude Code
Terminus-2
Codex
Avg.
Rexec
Rcollab
Jcollab
Rexec
Rcollab
Jcollab
Rexec
Rcollab
Jcollab
Closed-source models
Claude Opus 5
58.2
58.4 +0.2
27.4 -30.8
65.4
62.4 -3.0
37.6 -27.9
46.5
55.5 +9.0
31.5 -15.0
49.2
Claude Opus 4.8
54.5
53.5 -1.0
18.3 -36.3
52.5
53.5 +1.0
21.1 -31.4
40.6
50.0 +9.4
23.0 -17.6
40.8
GPT-5.6 Sol
44.6
45.5 +0.9
6.7 -37.9
51.5
47.5 -4.0
9.1 -42.4
58.5
49.5 -9.0
8.5 -50.0
35.7
Open-source models
Table 3: RealCLI main results on the held-out split across three agent scaffolds. Subscripts on Rcollab and Jcollab indicate performance changes relative to the Rexec baseline (green positive, red negative). Bold and underline denote the highest and second-highest scores, respectively.
Model
Claude Code
Terminus-2
Codex
Avg.
Scol.
Jcol.
U ⋅ S ⋅ OR ⋅ TC ⋅ SR
Scol.
Jcol.
U ⋅ S ⋅ OR ⋅ TC ⋅ SR
Scol.
Jcol.
U ⋅ S ⋅ OR ⋅ TC ⋅ SR
Closed-source models
Claude Opus 5
46.9
27.4
50 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 78 ⋅ 43 ⋅ 43
60.2
37.6
85 ⋅ 40 ⋅ 89 ⋅ 43 ⋅ 43
56.8
31.5
60 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 100 ⋅ 33 ⋅ 60
32.1
Claude Opus 4.8
34.1
18.3
56 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 44 ⋅ 23 ⋅ 37
39.4
21.1
42 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 56 ⋅ 23 ⋅ 47
43.4
23.0
63 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 44 ⋅ 43 ⋅ 37
20.8
GPT-5.6 Sol
14.7
6.7
29 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 13 ⋅ 10
19.1
9.1
48 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 0
17.1
8.5
48 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 0
8.1
Open-source models
Table 4: RealCLI -COLLAB multi-dimensional results on the held-out split across three agent scaffolds. Scores are reported per scaffold in U ⋅ S ⋅ OR ⋅ TC ⋅ SR order (darker = higher). Bold and underline denote the highest and second-highest scores, respectively.
LLM agents increasingly solve local tasks through command-line and CLI-based harness interfaces, including code editing, repository inspection, data analysis, and file workflows. Existing evaluations often emphasize task success, but deployed local agents are not models alone: the CLI mediates prompts, context replay, tool outputs, file access, terminal observations, and stopping behavior. As a result, the same model can produce different success, token, and cost profiles under different CLIs. We introduce AGENTMETER, a benchmark for evaluating model-CLI matching in CLI-mediated local task-solving agents, together with AgentMeter Score (AMS), a success-anchored, cost-aware metric over calibrated task-effort tiers. AgentMeter uses Benchmark90 as the full validation set and Core30 as a lower-cost subset for expanded comparison across 24 complete model-CLI configurations. On Core30, common deployment criteria select different configurations: highest Pass/30 selects GLM-5.1 with qwen-coder, lowest Tok./Pass selects GPT-5.3-Codex with kimi-cli, lowest billable USD/Pass selects Qwen3.6+ with Codex, while highest AMS selects Qwen3.6+ with kimi-cli. Benchmark90 validation preserves the Top-1 configuration and Top-3 set, with Spearman correlation 0.765, Kendall correlation 0.567, and AMS MAE 0.0383. These results show that model choice and CLI choice should not be decoupled, and that model-CLI configurations should be evaluated as the deployed unit.
Han Chi, Jiaxin Qi, Yan Cui +2
Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences · Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Large language and vision-language models increasingly power agents that act on a user's behalf through command-line interface (CLI) harnesses. However, most agent benchmarks still rely on synthetic sandboxes, short-horizon tasks, mock-service APIs, and final-answer checks, leaving open whether agents can complete realistic long-horizon work in the runtimes where they are deployed. This work presents WildClawBench, a native-runtime benchmark of 60 human-authored, bilingual, multimodal tasks spanning six thematic categories. Each task averages roughly 8 minutes of wall-clock time and over 20 tool calls, and runs inside a reproducible Docker container hosting an actual CLI agent harness (OpenClaw, Claude Code, Codex, or Hermes Agent) with access to real tools rather than mock services. Grading is hybrid, combining deterministic rule-based checks, environment-state auditing of side effects, and an LLM/VLM judge for semantic verification. Across 19 frontier models, the best, Claude Opus 4.7, reaches only 62.2% overall under OpenClaw, while every other model stays below 60%, and switching harness alone shifts a single model by up to 18 points. These results show that long-horizon, native-runtime agent evaluation remains a far-from-resolved task for current frontier models. We release the tasks, code, and containerized tooling to support reproducible evaluation.
Shuangrui Ding, Xuanlang Dai, Long Xing +14
1Shanghai AI Laboratory, 2The Chinese University of Hong Kong · 1Shanghai AI Laboratory, 3Fudan University · 1Shanghai AI Laboratory, 4University of Science and Technology of China +8
AI agents are reshaping the workspace, leading to drastic change of how humans work. Despite the considerable potential of human-agent collaboration both in preserving human agency and generating economic value, this paradigm remains largely absent from occupational task evaluation, hindered by the difficulty of gathering real human data and accounting for inter-human variability. We introduce CollabSkill, a framework for evaluating human-agent collaboration on real-world occupational tasks. CollabSkill pairs real human workers with AI agents on tasks matched to their occupational background, collecting data that capture the complexity of economically valuable tasks and the usage patterns of real workers. To account for inter-human variability, CollabSkill employs a Bayesian skill rating system to disentangle and quantify the skill contributions of both humans and AI agents. Drawing on over 1,500 prompts from 386 working sessions contributed by 93 human workers, our analysis yields insights on two fronts: on the agent side, rankings on CollabSkill diverge meaningfully from those of existing fully autonomous benchmarks where Codex leads, with Claude Code ranking first; on the human side, CollabSkill reveals that practical experience emerges as the primary driver of collaboration skill, with hands-on collaboration meaningfully shifting workers' AI literacy. Together, we hope CollabSkill enables the community to invest in systematic evaluation of human-agent collaboration and spurs development efforts aimed at building AI agents that genuinely augment human workers.
Yijia Shao, Zora Zhiruo Wang, Neel Ahuja +3
Stanford University · Carnegie Mellon University · University of Rochester +1