3D Object Detection

Contemporary autonomous vehicle (AV) benchmarks have significantly advanced multimodal (LiDAR+RGB) 3D detection. However, despite the naturally long-tailed distribution of object classes, existing benchmarking protocols primarily focus on frequent categories (e.g., pedestrian and car), largely overlooking rare but safety-critical classes such as stroller and emergency vehicle. In practice, reliable detection of both common and rare classes is essential for safe autonomous driving. We formalize this problem as Long-Tailed 3D Detection (LT3D), where evaluation encompasses all annotated classes, including rare ones. To address LT3D, we introduce hierarchical losses that promote feature sharing across classes, diagnostic metrics that assign partial credit to semantically reasonable mistakes with respect to the semantic hierarchy (e.g., confusing a child with an adult), and a multimodal late-fusion (MMLF) framework to fuse detections. In particular, we show that rare-class accuracy benefits substantially from MMLF of independently trained uni-modal LiDAR and RGB detectors. Because of the modular design, unlike prevailing end-to-end trained multi-modal detectors that require paired LiDAR-RGB data, MMLF enables the use of advanced unimodal detectors that are trained on large-scale uni-modal datasets with sufficient data for rare classes. Lastly, we examine three fundamental design choices in MMLF, including the RGB detector representation (2D vs. 3D), cross-modal association (3D vs. image plane), and fusion strategy. We find that 2D RGB detectors recognize rare classes more reliably than 3D RGB detectors, image-plane association is more robust to depth estimation errors, and probabilistic score-calibrated fusion consistently yields the best performance. Extensive experiments on nuScenes and Argoverse2 demonstrate substantial improvements of MMLF, establishing a new state of the art.