Overview

Black-box optimization studies how to choose inputs that maximize or minimize an objective when its internal workings or gradients are unavailable, often because each evaluation is costly. Common approaches include Gaussian-process Bayesian optimization, evolutionary strategies such as CMA-ES and differential evolution, and bandit or partitioning methods that balance exploration with refinement. Surrogate models, multi-fidelity evaluations, and learned or generative proposals extend these methods to noisy, constrained, discrete, and high-dimensional tasks, including scientific design and system tuning. Benchmarks such as COCO/BBOB and CEC help compare methods, but performance often depends on the problem and evaluation budget, leaving robust transfer and fair comparisons across settings as central challenges.

Latest papers

CardsList

176 papers25 papers in the last four weeks, up 25% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. SPADE-DFL: Communication-Efficient Decentralized Federated Learning via Derivative-Free Linearized ADMM

    Sep 24, 2026Mengli Wei, Mengkai Zhu, Jiawen Chen +2Communication-Efficient Distributed TrainingBlack-Box Optimization

  2. BOBA: Dynamic Bayesian Optimization through Bayesian Active Inference

    Sep 22, 2026Merlin Angel Kelly, Rishan Patel, Alexander Thomas +4Bayesian OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  3. Online Automated Algorithm Design with Large Language Models

    Sep 21, 2026Zhiyao Zhang, Yichen Li, Xingyu Wu +2Automated Algorithm DiscoveryBlack-Box Optimization

  4. Adaptive Differential Evolution and Multistart Search for Noisy QAOA Optimization

    Sep 19, 2026Vojtěch Novák, Ivan Zelinka, Swagatam Das +1Stochastic OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  5. D-IMPL: A Diffusion-based Solver for Parameterized BBOs

    Sep 19, 2026Yang Hu, Na LiBlack-Box OptimizationLearning to Optimize

  6. A Confidence-Driven Evolutionary Algorithm for Noisy Optimization with Joint Chance Constraints

    Sep 18, 2026Enrico Halim, Hemant Singh, Tapabrata RayChance-Constrained OptimizationStochastic Optimization

  7. Artificial Neural Networks as Surrogate Models in Black Box Optimization

    Sep 16, 2026Md Khadimul Islam Zim, Martin HoleňaSurrogate-Assisted OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  8. Benchmarking Tabular Foundation Models as Surrogates in Expensive Evolutionary Optimization

    Sep 16, 2026Lu Han, Jin Wang, Yuchen Li +5Tabular Foundation ModelsSurrogate-Assisted Optimization

  9. Derivative-Free Structured Updates for Muon

    Sep 15, 2026Pengcheng XieBlack-Box OptimizationZeroth-Order Optimization

  10. Trajectory Bundle Method in SE(3) for Black-Box Fixed-Wing Aircraft Trajectory Optimization

    Sep 10, 2026Matthew D. Osburn, Cameron K. Peterson, John L. SalmonTrajectory OptimizationTrajectory Generation

  11. A practical DIRECT-type algorithm for medium-scale black-box global optimization

    Sep 9, 2026Linas Stripinis, Remigijus PaulavičiusBlack-Box OptimizationGlobal Optimization

  12. Constraint-Aware Discrete Black-Box Optimization Using Tensor Decomposition

    Sep 8, 2026Keisuke Onoue, Ryosuke KojimaSurrogate-Assisted OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  13. Threshold-Based Selection for Continuous Optimization: A Leaf-Abscission Instantiation

    Sep 6, 2026Nasser KhaliliEvolutionary OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  14. Frontier LLMs are effective batch optimizers: Assessing reasoning models in continuous and discrete settings

    Sep 2, 2026Frank Hu, Shriram Chennakesavalu, David GraffBlack-Box OptimizationLarge Language Model-Guided Optimization

  15. Rethinking Learnability in Offline Data-driven Optimization

    Sep 1, 2026Chao Qian, Chen-Guang Wang, Rong-Xi Tan +1Black-Box OptimizationStatistical Learning Theory

  16. Accurate Plate Reverb Parameter Estimation Using Two-Stage Evolutionary Search

    Aug 28, 2026Byunghoo Park, Jayeon Yi, Takyoung Kim +1Parameter EstimationBlack-Box Optimization

  17. JANUS: Online Jacobian-Aligned Infill for Black-Box Optimization

    Aug 24, 2026Hongyuan Yu, Pufan Xu, Jiaojiao Yi +4Black-Box OptimizationEvolutionary Optimization

  18. ZoAQ: Adaptive Zeroth-Order Querying via Query-Reuse Coupling

    Aug 19, 2026Yangyang Feng, Yao ShuZeroth-Order OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  19. High-dimensional Multi-objective Bayesian Optimization with Learned Variable Interactions

    Aug 12, 2026Hongyan Wang, Jiayu Huang, Haotian Zheng +6Bayesian OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  20. A New Approach to Characterising Optimisation Problems Using Programmatic Representation and Complexity Measures

    Aug 9, 2026Marcus Gallagher, Katherine M. MalanBlack-Box Optimization

  21. Linear Proposal Operators and Stochastic Search Geometry in SOMA and Differential Evolution

    Jul 31, 2026Vojtěch Novák, Ivan ZelinkaDifferential EvolutionEvolutionary Optimization

  22. Oracle-Budgeted Molecular Optimization with Short-Term Graph Memory

    Jul 30, 2026Jiannan Yang, Veronika Thost, Xiang Ling +1Molecular OptimizationSurrogate-Assisted Optimization

  23. Optimization with Dynamic Constraint Learning (DCL)

    Jul 28, 2026Ezgi Oztekin, Figen Oztoprak, S. Ilker BirbilSurrogate-Assisted OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  24. NeurGO: Learning to Generate Elite Candidates for Meta-Black-Box Expensive Optimization

    Jul 26, 2026Jintao He, Huixiang Zhen, Wenyin GongBlack-Box OptimizationLearning to Optimize

  25. Frustratingly Simple Black-Box Adaptation of Language Models via Logit Bias

    Jul 24, 2026Ofek I. Cohen, Lior Shani, Aviv Rosenberg +3Black-Box OptimizationDomain Adaptation for LLMs

  26. Optimization of time-consuming experimental conditions using pseudo-experimental data guided by adaptive polynomial regression

    Jul 24, 2026Hirotaka Sugawara, Yujin Taguchi, Kei Minagawa +3Surrogate-Assisted OptimizationBayesian Optimization

  27. Search Hardness-Aware LLM-Based Problem Formulation for Expensive Simulation-Driven Design

    Jul 23, 2026Yuchen Li, Handing Wang, Bing Xue +1Black-Box OptimizationLarge Language Model-Guided Optimization