Sep 23, 2026, cs.CVJ/K move · Enter open · S save
Athanasios Angelakis, Marta Gomez-Barrero
BioML, Research Institute CODE, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Munich, Germany · Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Electrocardiography (ECG) contains subject-specific morphology that supports biometric recognition, yet image-based performance depends on how the waveform is rendered. We introduce representative-morphology heatmaps, a deterministic ECG-to-image representation adapted from ECGXtractor. Within each block of ten aligned beats, the five beats closest to the block mean are averaged into a 400 by L matrix and rendered either as a conventional trace or as a dense cardiac-time-by-lead heatmap. Since both representations contain identical physiological samples, their comparison isolates the effect of rendering. We evaluate verification and closed-set identification on PTB, ECG-ID, and MIMIC-IV-ECG-DEMO. Five compact models, including ZACH-ViT, are trained from scratch, while six ImageNet-pretrained CNN and transformer backbones assess model scale and visual transfer. Heatmaps improve both FNMR operating points and both identification ranks in all 15 compact model-dataset comparisons, while EER improves in 14. Across the matched experiments, EER decreases by 9.59 percentage points and Rank-1 increases by 24.69 points on average. ConvNeXt-Tiny reaches 2.43% EER on PTB and 5.79% on ECG-ID, whereas DeiT-Base reaches 14.92% on MIMIC-DEMO. ImageNet initialization clearly benefits the two multilead datasets but has a mixed effect on ECG-ID, and performance does not increase monotonically with model size. The best heatmap systems approach the strongest signal-domain EER on PTB and ECG-ID, while DeiT-Base provides the strongest evaluated performance on MIMIC-DEMO. Lead-channel ablation further shows that useful channel combinations depend on the cohort and biometric task. Overall, representative-morphology heatmaps provide an effective image representation for ECG verification and identification.