Imperfect-Information Games

Overview

These games model settings such as poker, negotiation, and pursuit-evasion, where players must act using incomplete observations and beliefs about hidden cards, types, or intentions. Researchers develop equilibrium concepts and solvers such as counterfactual regret minimization, alongside Bayesian and Stackelberg methods for reasoning about beliefs, commitments, and incentives. Reinforcement learning, search, and opponent modeling produce agents for large games, while benchmarks and variance-reduced evaluation help compare their strength and robustness. A central challenge is scaling methods without losing strategic guarantees, especially when agents must adapt to opponents, exploit mistakes, or remain safe under uncertainty.

Latest papers

CardsList

90 papers11 papers in the last four weeks, up 83% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. Inner-Learning: From Hand-Coded Beliefs to Declarative Knowledge in Trick-Taking Games

    Oct 28, 2026Stefan EdelkampKnowledge RepresentationGame-Playing Agents

  2. When Are We Near Nash? Certifying Solutions in General-Sum Games

    Oct 21, 2026Boning Li, Longbo HuangNash Equilibrium ComputationImperfect-Information Games

  3. Teaching AI Agent to Play Poker Strategically Through Preference Optimization

    Oct 19, 2026Phurinat Polasa, Thanapon Thanadunpremdet, Phatthanasak Kraiduang +1Game-Playing AgentsPreference-Based RL

  4. SafeAdapt-Poker: Counterfactual Risk Calibration for Budgeted Adaptation under Opponent Shift

    Oct 14, 2026Miaobo Hu, Shuhao Hu, Xiaobo Guo +4Imperfect-Information GamesDistribution Shift Robustness

  5. IR-PRM+ with Previous-Utility Prediction: Constant Regret and Best-Iterate Convergence

    Oct 13, 2026Michael Sullins, Ian A. KashCounterfactual Regret MinimizationRegret Minimization

  6. On Symmetry for Characterizing Agent Heterogeneity in Multi-Agent Systems

    Oct 13, 2026Jianhong Wang, Jonathan LawryPartially Observable Stochastic GamesMulti-Agent Systems

  7. The Confidence Game: Strategic Miscalibration in Human-AI Delegation

    Oct 7, 2026Raghu Arghal, Saswati Sarkar, Shirin Saeedi BidokhtiLLM Agent ReliabilityConfidence Estimation in Language Models

  8. BluffJAX: Adversarial Imperfect Information Games in JAX

    Oct 6, 2026Aryaman Reddi, Jan Peters, Carlo D'EramoImperfect-Information GamesRL Benchmarks

  9. Communication Shapes Collective Inference in Self-Adapting LLM Societies: Evidence from Mafia

    Oct 4, 2026Haonan Huang, Joey XiaoImperfect-Information GamesSocial Deduction Games

  10. Pessimistic Minimax Learning for Public-Private Information Games under Unilateral Coverage

    Oct 4, 2026Shuze Daniel Liu, Claire Chen, Jiuqi Wang +1Imperfect-Information GamesZero-Sum Games

  11. Orchestrating Level-KK Policies Against Unknown Opponents in Partially-Observable Dynamic Games

    Oct 4, 2026Addison Kalanther, Sanika Bharvirkar, Daniel Bostwick +2Multi-Agent OrchestrationMulti-Agent Reinforcement Learning

  12. SAGE: Structured Strategic Reasoning for Efficient LLM Game Playing

    Sep 28, 2026Zhiwei Chen, Tianchun Wang, Zhongtao Rao +3Game-Playing AgentsImperfect-Information Games

  13. RSD-Poker: Structure-Adaptive and Shift-Robust Risk-Utility Certification for Residual Policies in Imperfect-Information Games

    Sep 27, 2026Miaobo Hu, Shuhao Hu, Xiaobo Guo +4Distribution Shift RobustnessImperfect-Information Games

  14. GPU-CFR: 80x Faster Counterfactual Regret Minimization by Compiling the Game to Static Dataflow and CUDA Graph Replay

    Sep 10, 2026Boning Li, Longbo HuangGPU Kernel OptimizationGPU Acceleration

  15. Deception in Reach-Avoid Game with Unknown Heterogeneous Attackers Speed Information

    Sep 7, 2026Xiangkai Wu, Shaolin Tan, Wei Wang +1Game TheoryImperfect-Information Games

  16. Abstraction Agent

    Sep 3, 2026Boning Li, Longbo HuangImperfect-Information GamesGame-Playing Agents

  17. NashDreamer: Model-Based Reinforcement Learning for Zero-Sum Imperfect-Information Games

    Sep 1, 2026Tomáš Holeček, Viliam LisýImperfect-Information GamesZero-Sum Games

  18. Do Geometry-Aware Positional Encodings Help Transformers in Spatial Imperfect-Information Games?

    Aug 15, 2026Wenji FuPositional EncodingImperfect-Information Games

  19. Tracking the Best Strategy in an Extensive-Form Game

    Aug 10, 2026Stephen Pasteris, Rahul Savani, Theodore TurocyImperfect-Information GamesRegret Minimization

  20. Solver-Guided Reasoning for Mixed-Equilibrium Strategies

    Aug 7, 2026Han Wang, Philippe Beardsell, Boning Li +4Nash EquilibriumGame-Playing Agents

  21. IFlowNets: Extending Generative Samplers to Learn Strategies in Incomplete Information Games

    Aug 5, 2026Conor M. Artman, Nicholas Di, Scott PerkinsImperfect-Information GamesGenerative Flow Networks

  22. Dynamic Resource Allocation for Ensemble Determinization MCTS

    Jul 14, 2026Jakub Kowalski, Adam Ciężkowski, Artur Krzyżyński +1Game-Playing AgentsImperfect-Information Games