Overview

On-policy distillation studies how to transfer a teacher’s capabilities by training a student on trajectories the student generates, rather than only on fixed teacher-written examples. Common approaches match teacher and student token distributions with KL-style objectives, often combining this dense feedback with verifier rewards, reinforcement learning, or feedback from successful peer attempts. Work spans language-model reasoning and tool-using agents as well as multimodal, speech, diffusion, and embodied models; methods increasingly select useful tokens, turns, or rollout lengths to reduce compute. A central tension is that student-generated states can make supervision more relevant, but teacher signals may be unreliable or mismatched, and repeated rollouts can be costly or destabilize training. 4 sentences total.

Latest papers

CardsList

507 papers177 papers in the last four weeks, up 139% on the four weeks before. 1.0% of all new papers.

  1. Dense Supervision, Sparse Updates: On the Sparsity and Geometry of On-Policy Distillation

    Jun 11, 2026Guo Yu, Wenlin Liu, Yulan Hu +3Sparse Fine-TuningOn-Policy Distillation

  2. RLCSD: Reinforcement Learning with Contrastive On-Policy Self-Distillation

    Jun 10, 2026Leyi Pan, Shuchang Tao, Yunpeng Zhai +5RL for Language Model ReasoningLanguage Model Distillation

  3. HERO: Hindsight-Enhanced Reflection from Environment Observations for Agentic Self-Distillation

    Jun 10, 2026Haoran Liu, Yuwei Zhang, Xiyao Li +2Credit Assignment in RLOn-Policy Distillation

  4. Kwai Keye-VL-2.0 Technical Report

    Jun 9, 2026Kwai Keye Team, Bin Wen, Changyi Liu +50Temporal Video GroundingLong-Context Modeling

  5. Escaping the KL Agreement Trap in On-Policy Distillation

    Jun 8, 2026Haoran Xin, Anhao Zhao, Ying Sun +3On-Policy DistillationTeacher-Student Learning

  6. Breaking the Tokenizer Barrier: On-Policy Distillation across Model Families

    Jun 8, 2026Yifan Niu, Han Xiao, Dongyi Liu +4Cross-Tokenizer Knowledge DistillationLanguage Model Distillation

  7. SG-OPD: Sign-Gated On-Policy Distillation via Sign-Consistency Gating and Phased Teacher Sampling

    Jun 8, 2026Haoran Xu, Hongyu Wang, Yifei Gao +3Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  8. Trajectory-Refined Distillation

    Jun 7, 2026Li Jiang, Haoran Xu, Yichuan Ding +1On-Policy DistillationLLM Post-Training

  9. On the Geometry of On-Policy Distillation

    Jun 5, 2026Zhennan Shen, Yanshu Li, Qingyu Yin +6Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  10. Teaching the Way, Not the Answer: Privileged Tutoring Distillation for Multimodal Policy Optimization

    Jun 5, 2026Shizhe Xiang, Ke An, Wenlong Yu +5Large Vision-Language ModelsMultimodal Reasoning

  11. Data-Efficient Autoregressive-to-Diffusion Language Models via On-Policy Distillation

    Jun 4, 2026Xingyu Su, Jacob Helwig, Shubham Parashar +6Language Model DistillationDiffusion Language Models

  12. OPRD: On-Policy Representation Distillation

    Jun 4, 2026Shenzhi Yang, Guangcheng Zhu, Bowen Song +8Cross-Architecture Knowledge DistillationLanguage Model Distillation

  13. ViCuR: Visual Cues as Recoverable Privilege for Multimodal On-Policy Distillation

    Jun 4, 2026Kanghui Tian, Siyuan Liu, Ziang Yan +3VLM DistillationMultimodal Reasoning

  14. SafeSteer: Localized On-Policy Distillation for Efficient Safety Alignment

    Jun 1, 2026Hao Li, Jingkun An, Zijun Song +8LLM Safety AlignmentOn-Policy Distillation

  15. Trust Region On-Policy Distillation

    May 31, 2026Xingrun Xing, Haoqing Wang, Boyan Gao +2Language Model DistillationTrust-Region Optimization

  16. OPD+: Rethinking the Advantage Design for On-Policy Distillation

    May 31, 2026Hanyang Zhao, Haoxian Chen, Han Lin +3Language Model DistillationPolicy Gradient Methods

  17. Decomposed On-Policy Distillation for Vision-Language Reasoning: Steering Gradients for Visual Grounding

    May 30, 2026Hee Suk Yoon, Eunseop Yoon, Jaehyun Jang +6Cross-Modal Knowledge DistillationVLM Distillation

  18. Weak Critics Make Strong Learners: On-Policy Critique Distillation for Scalable Oversight

    May 29, 2026Can Jin, Jiakang Li, Rui Wu +2Scalable OversightWeak-to-Strong Generalization

  19. Are Full Rollouts Necessary for On-Policy Distillation?

    May 29, 2026Yaocheng Zhang, Jiajun Chai, Yuqian Fu +7RL for Language Model ReasoningLanguage Model Distillation

  20. CAST: Non-Privileged Clipped Asymmetric Self-Teaching with Advantage Flipping for GRPO

    May 29, 2026Yang Li, Gongle Xue, Yijia Guo +3RL for Language Model ReasoningGroup Relative Policy Optimization

  21. Trust-Region Behavior Blending for On-Policy Distillation

    May 29, 2026Daniil Plyusov, Alexey Gorbatovski, Alexey Malakhov +4Language Model DistillationTrust-Region Optimization

  22. Your Teacher Can't Help You Here: Combating Supervision Fidelity Decay in On-Policy Distillation

    May 29, 2026Yanjiang Liu, Jie Lou, Xinyan Guan +7CoT DistillationLanguage Model Distillation