Overview

On-policy distillation studies how to transfer a teacher’s capabilities by training a student on trajectories the student generates, rather than only on fixed teacher-written examples. Common approaches match teacher and student token distributions with KL-style objectives, often combining this dense feedback with verifier rewards, reinforcement learning, or feedback from successful peer attempts. Work spans language-model reasoning and tool-using agents as well as multimodal, speech, diffusion, and embodied models; methods increasingly select useful tokens, turns, or rollout lengths to reduce compute. A central tension is that student-generated states can make supervision more relevant, but teacher signals may be unreliable or mismatched, and repeated rollouts can be costly or destabilize training. 4 sentences total.

Latest papers

CardsList

511 papers178 papers in the last four weeks, up 141% on the four weeks before. 1.0% of all new papers.

  1. Flow3D-OPD: Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation for 3D Geometry Generation with Flow-Matching Diffusion Transformer

    Sep 7, 2026Zhiwei Ning, Zhen Zhou, Puhua Jiang +73D Mesh GenerationDiffusion Model Distillation

  2. Teacher Should Think Ahead: Adaptive Continuations for Reliable On-Policy Distillation

    Sep 6, 2026Jingang Zhou, Yuyi Zhou, Haiyang Guo +6Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  3. What Matters in On-Policy Distillation? A Perspective on Data Efficiency and Data Selection

    Sep 4, 2026Zhinan Hou, Jiaqi Zhang, Xunliang Cai +1Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  4. Persistent Teacher Anchoring for Tool-Using Agents

    Sep 4, 2026Hyun Bin Park, Kyungho Song, Sangmin Lee +1LLM Agent TrainingOn-Policy Distillation

  5. Extremely Sparse Supervision Incentivizes Reasoning Ability

    Sep 3, 2026Zhishuai Liu, Xingzi Xu, Mehmet Saygin Seyfioglu +2On-Policy DistillationLanguage Model Post-Training

  6. Rethinking On-Policy Distillation of Large Language Models II: One Training Example

    Sep 3, 2026Zixuan Fu, Bingxiang He, Yuxin Zuo +10Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  7. Sequential Beats Joint: On the Interplay between On-Policy Distillation and RLVR

    Sep 3, 2026Boyan Li, Bingsen Chen, Chenghao Yang +3RL for Language Model ReasoningReinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards

  8. Learn from Whoever Is Right: Answer-Verified Multi-Teacher Distillation for Multi-Domain LLMs

    Sep 2, 2026Xixiang He, Xingming Li, Baiqi Wu +4Multi-Teacher Knowledge DistillationSelf-Distillation

  9. CA-OPD: Confidence-Aware On-Policy Distillation for Structured Visual Prediction

    Sep 2, 2026Menghao Li, Linjie Mu, Haotian Hu +5On-Policy Distillation

  10. On-Policy Distillation Meets Off-Policy GRPO: Training Compact Instruction-Following Rerankers

    Sep 1, 2026Vignesh Prabhakar, Jialing Pan, Anil Babu AnkisettipalliReinforcement LearningLearning to Rank

  11. Influence-Directed Distillation: Solving the Diversity Bottleneck in Sampled-Token On-Policy Distillation

    Aug 30, 2026Run Yang, Runpeng Dai, Jie Sun +5Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  12. When Teacher Guidance Misleads: Reward-Aligned On-Policy Distillation

    Aug 28, 2026Siyuan Gan, Yuhan Li, Xiran Wang +5Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  13. SpikeOPD: Stable On-Policy Distillation for Autoregressive Spiking Language Models

    Aug 28, 2026Enqiao Lu, Xingrui Yu, Yiwei Fu +7Spiking Language ModelsSpiking Neural Networks

  14. TTPO: Test-Time Policy Optimization

    Aug 27, 2026Aozhe Wang, Zhengxi Lu, Jianze Wang +8Test-Time TrainingTest-Time RL

  15. Self-OPD: On-Policy Distillation for Flow Matching Models without Teacher

    Aug 27, 2026Shiyi Zhang, Mushui Liu, Yunze Tong +8Flow MatchingOn-Policy Self-Distillation

  16. SPEAR: Distilling Domain-Adaptive Reasoning Skeletons via Sequential Symbolic Alignment in Reinforcement Learning

    Aug 27, 2026Zhuochun Li, Yuelyu Ji, Yiming Zeng +1Process Reward ModelsRL for Language Model Reasoning

  17. A Token-Level Analysis of Sampled-Token Reverse-KL On-Policy Distillation

    Aug 26, 2026Bing Shao, Jiazheng Zhang, Long Ma +13Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  18. On-policy Distillation with Verifiable Reward

    Aug 25, 2026Wenze Lin, Jiale Zhao, Xitai Jiang +5RL for Language Model ReasoningReinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards

  19. OPDSearch+: On-Policy Distillation with RL Refinement for Search-Augmented Reasoning

    Aug 25, 2026Qinglin Ye, Zhiyuan Gu, Jingjie Xia +6On-Policy DistillationLLM Reasoning

  20. CataOPD: Catalytic On-Policy Distillation for Large Language Model Reasoning

    Aug 25, 2026Wenjin Liu, Chenxi Wang, Jiapu Wang +3On-Policy DistillationRL for Language Model Reasoning

  21. WAM-OPD: Joint Video-Action Supervision for World Action Model Post-Training with On-Policy Distillation

    Aug 23, 2026Liuhaichen Yang, Zhengyang Zhong, Hanshang Zhu +13World Action ModelsAction-Conditioned World Models