Prompt Learning

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Overview

Prompt learning studies how to steer pretrained models by changing the instructions or prompt representations they receive, rather than retraining all their weights. Approaches range from hand-written hard prompts to trainable soft prompts, including methods such as CoOp and CoCoOp, as well as prompt pools, routing, and low-rank prompt tuning. These methods support efficient adaptation in settings such as few-shot CLIP classification, open-vocabulary recognition, out-of-distribution detection, and continual learning, where data or compute may be limited. A central challenge is balancing specialization to a task or domain against generalization to new classes and changing inputs, while keeping prompt selection reliable and adaptations interpretable.

Latest papers

CardsList

78 papers9 papers in the last four weeks, level with the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. GeoPrompt: Geometry-Conditioned Prompt Learning for Underwater Open-Vocabulary Instance Segmentation

    Oct 25, 2026Shanshan Han, Yuxi Wang, Can Qin +4Instance SegmentationPrompt Learning

    Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China · Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China

  2. DF-PALM: Dynamic Fusion Prompt Learning for Audio--Language Models

    Oct 18, 2026Yulin Sun, Shenghua Li, Yong Dou +3Few-Shot Audio ClassificationPrompt Learning

    College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China. · State Key Laboratory of Complex & Critical Software Environment

  3. Knowledge-Guided Distributional Prompt Learning with Visual Hierarchy for Zero-Shot Anomaly Detection

    Oct 16, 2026Jiyul Ham, Seongho Yoon, Yonggon Jung +2Zero-Shot Anomaly DetectionPrompt Learning

    Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea

  4. SIMPLE: Semantic Structure-Aligned Prompt Learning for Open-Vocabulary Audio-Visual Event Localization

    Oct 11, 2026Hanyu Xuan, Haoran Xu, Min Yin +7Audio-Visual UnderstandingPrompt Learning

    the School of Big Data and Statistics, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China. · the School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. · the Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China +4

  5. SharP: Soft and Hard Prompt-Guided Augmentation with LLM for Low Resource Fake News Detection

    Oct 9, 2026Ziyu Luo, Wei Li, Haoping Huang +2Large Language Model-Based Data AugmentationFake News Detection

    Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 401331, China · School of Big Data and Software Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China · Department of Plastic Surgery, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing 400000, China +1

  6. From a Prompt to Repertoires: Evolving Functional REpertoires Enable LLM Continual Learning

    Oct 8, 2026Fengyuan Liu, Yue Wang, Hangxi Guo +4Continual Learning for LLMsPrompt Learning

    The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen · Shanghai AI Laboratory · University of Science and Technology of China +2

  7. Diffusion Meta-Prompting and Steering for Generalizable Foundation Model Adaptation

    Oct 8, 2026Deepak Sridhar, Yi Li, Kartikeya Bhardwaj +7Prompt LearningVision Foundation Model Adaptation

    University of California, San Diego · Qualcomm AI Research

  8. K2P: Label-Free Knowledge to Prompt Distillation

    Sep 30, 2026Yingchuan Zhang, Haoran Lu, Wenxuan Zhong +1Prompt LearningData-Free Knowledge Distillation

    Department of Statistics University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602

  9. Learning as Deepfakes Evolve: RF-Prompt for Continual Audio Deepfake Detection

    Sep 29, 2026Yuankun Xie, Xiaoxuan Guo, Xiaopeng Wang +3Audio Deepfake DetectionPrompt Learning

    The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China · Communication University of China, Beijing, China · Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China

  10. On the Capability and Limitation of Hard Prompt

    Sep 26, 2026Lijia Yu, Shuaitong Liu, Gaojie Jin +2LLM PromptingPrompt Learning

    Institute of AI for Industries, Chinese Academy of Sciences · Southwest University · Department of Artificial Intelligence&Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Brain Sciences, University of Macau +3

  11. Signed Graph Pre-Training and Prompt Learning

    Sep 22, 2026Zihan Mei, Rong Pan, Yuzhou Chen +1Prompt LearningGraph Representation Learning

    Arizona State University · University of California, Riverside

  12. Hierarchical Prompt Learning for Hyperbolic Vision-Language Models

    Sep 21, 2026Andro Erdelez, Pascal Mettes, Behzad BozorgtabarVLM AdaptationVision-Language Models

    Aarhus University · University of Amsterdam

  13. InterHier: Learning Interconnected Hierarchical Semantics for Open-Vocabulary Object Detection

    Sep 21, 2026Yeong-Jin Kim, Ho-Joong Kim, Seong-Whan LeeOpen-Vocabulary Object DetectionPrompt Learning

    Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

  14. Preserving Geometric Integrity in Graph Prompting via Measure-Constrained Optimal Transport

    Sep 20, 2026Xiangyu Wang, Shuo Wang, Ruiyi Fang +1Graph Neural NetworksPrompt Learning

    School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China · Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China · Department of Computer Science, Western University, Canada

  15. TecoPrompt: Temporal-Conservative Prompt Learning for Vision-Language Models

    Sep 15, 2026Zeyi Shao, Haowen Hua, Jiaxin Zhang +3Prompt LearningNoisy-Label Learning

    Soochow University, Suzhou, China · NVIDIA, Shanghai, China · Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia +1

  16. Low-Rank Prompt Learning for Vision-Language Models with Fixed-Token Bases

    Sep 8, 2026Tanvir Muntakim Tonoy, Sajjad Ghiasvand, Mahnoosh Alizadeh +1Vision-Language ModelsPrompt Learning

    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering UC Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA

  17. Unsupervised Transfer Clustering for Mitigating Cold Start in Active Prompt Learning

    Sep 4, 2026André Camargo Portella, Samuel Felipe dos Santos, Jurandy AlmeidaActive LearningVisual Prompt Learning

    Department of Computing, Federal University of S˜ao Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, SP – Brazil

  18. ADGNet: Asymmetric Dual-text Guided Network for Infrared Small Target Detection

    Sep 1, 2026Tongtong Wang, Mingzhu Xu, Chenglong Yu +3Prompt LearningInfrared Small Target Detection

    Shandong University · Jinan, China · Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen +1

  19. Task-Specific Prompt with Global Context for Multi-Task Graph Pre-Training

    Aug 30, 2026Zhiyang Qiu, Yangtao Wang, Xiaocui Li +3Graph Prompt LearningPrompt Learning

    School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guang Zhou, 510006, Guangdong, China · Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China

  20. Let Prompts Bridge Defense Knowledge: Transferable Graph Purification via Vulnerability-Aware GPL

    Aug 29, 2026Shuomin Xue, Jingyuan Li, Ju Jia +2Graph Prompt LearningGraph Transfer Learning

    Southeast University Nanjing, China · Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore

  21. Behind the [MASK]: Disentangling Representation and Faithfulness in DAPF-Based Dementia Detection

    Aug 25, 2026Pardis Ranjbar-Noiey, Natalie PardeFaithfulness of Language Model ExplanationsSpeech-Based Dementia Detection

    University of Illinois Chicago Chicago, IL, USA

  22. What Does Prompt Learning Change? -A Natural-Language Concept Analysis of Vision-Language Models

    Aug 25, 2026Ryo Kamiya, Hiroshi Kera, Kazuhiko KawamotoPrompt LearningPrompt Learning for VLMs

    Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

  23. GAP-Prompt: Gated Adaptive Prompting for Efficient Continual Learning

    Aug 24, 2026Trung-Anh Dang, Duy-Cuong Bui, Ngoc-Son Vu +2Continual LearningPrompt Learning

    LIFO UR 4022 Université d’Orléans, INSA CVL, Orléans, 45067, France · ETIS CY Cergy Paris University, ENSEA, CNRS, Cergy, 95000, France · LIST3N Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes, 10010, France

  24. Contrastive Mixed Prompt Learning for Incomplete Multimodal Sentiment Analysis with Unseen Modality Combination

    Aug 20, 2026Kaixin Xu, NaiJin Liu, Yulin Kang +8Multimodal Sentiment AnalysisMultimodal Learning

    School of Software Technology, Zhejiang University · Beijing WuZi University · Ant Group +3

  25. PCT-Prompt: A Prompt-Guided Transformer Framework for Dense Prediction Tasks in Point Clouds

    Aug 17, 2026Dejun Zhang, Yanzi Bai, Yiqi Wu3D ViTs3D Point Cloud Segmentation

    China University of Geosciences · Li Auto Inc

  26. PromptKWS: A Novel Prompt-Guided Open-Vocabulary Keyword Spotting Framework

    Aug 11, 2026Gaopeng Xu, Chengfei Li, Xianliang Wang +5Keyword SpottingSpeech Processing

    NIO, China · Qilu Normal University, China

  27. MazzikaAI: A knowledge-based performance-to-prompt compiler for real-time Arabic maqam accompaniment with a streaming text-to-music model

    Aug 11, 2026Jiaxin Du, Boulbaba Abdeljaouad, Yong Zhuang +1Text-to-Music GenerationPrompt Learning

    aGrand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA

  28. MSP-Net: Manifold-Guided Spectral Prompt Network for Hyperspectral Object Tracking

    Aug 10, 2026Juliu Li, Hanlin Qin, Shuowen Yang +4Prompt LearningVisual Object Tracking

  29. Training-Free Universal Approximation by Prompting Random Transformers

    Aug 10, 2026Alexander Hsu, Rongjie LaiTransformer ExpressivityPrompt Learning

    Department of Mathematics, Purdue University

  30. Degradation-Aware Prompt Learning with Cross-Modal Compensation for Adverse Weather Removal

    Aug 7, 2026Wanshu Fan, Yunzhe Zhang, Yue Shen +5Prompt LearningAll-in-One Image Restoration

    School of Software Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, China · School of Mathematical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China · The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China +2