Table Retrieval

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Oct 1, 2026cs.CL

JoinGR: Learning to Traverse Join Graphs for Table Retrieval

Retrieving the right tables is a prerequisite for Text-to-SQL over realistic databases. Dense table retrievers rank schema elements independently, but this ignores a key source of evidence: some required tables are not mentioned in the question and become identifiable only through their join relationships to already relevant tables. We introduce JOINGR, a join-aware table retrieval method that treats the database join graph as the retrieval space. Columns are represented as graph nodes, while intra-table and foreign-key relationships are represented as typed edges. Given a question, JOINGR selects semantically similar anchor tables, traverses join edges with a query-conditioned scorer, and aggregates the resulting edge deposits into table scores. The scorer is a lightweight MLP on top of frozen query, node, and edge embeddings, trained with a pairwise margin loss over gold tables. On BIRD and Spider datasets, JOINGR is competitive with the strongest retrieval baselines. On BEAVER, a challenging enterprise benchmark with multi-hop table requirements, JOINGR substantially improves recall over dense retrieval and re-ranking baselines. Cross-domain experiments show that the learned scorer transfers across benchmarks, indicating that the method captures reusable joingraph traversal behavior.

Sandipan De, Abhijit Chakraborty, Sambaran Bandyopadhyay +1

Arizona State University · Adobe Research, India

Graph-Based RetrievalTable Retrieval
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Sep 28, 2026cs.AI

TableSeek: Structure-Preserving Agentic Evidence Seeking over Heterogeneous Table Corpora

Open-domain table retrieval seeks tables that contain sufficient evidence for answering a question or verifying a claim. Yet semantic relevance is often misleading: topically similar tables may lack the required facts, while answer-bearing evidence is often confined to a few cells whose meaning depends on surrounding schema and table context. Heterogeneous schemas, value formats, and serializations further weaken one-shot matching. We present TableSeek, a structure-preserving agentic search framework for heterogeneous table corpora. Instead of ranking tables once, an LLM agent iteratively follows sparse clues, inspects schema-preserving previews, identifies schema- and value-level mismatches, and refines its investigation. TableSeek uses cells and schemas as evidence anchors while retaining complete tables as evidence units, enabling fine-grained localization without losing the context required for interpretation and answerability checking. Without relying on retriever training or a precomputed semantic index, TableSeek produces transparent evidence-seeking trajectories and achieves competitive end-to-end performance against strong retrieval-and-reranking pipelines on heterogeneous table benchmarks. These results suggest that active, structure-preserving evidence seeking is a promising paradigm for open-domain table retrieval.

Jiaming Tian, Liyao Li, Wentao Ye +5

Zhejiang University · Bank of Hangzhou Co., Ltd. · Zhejiang Lab

Agentic RetrievalTable RetrievalEvidence Retrieval
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Jul 28, 2026cs.CL

TabRank: Chain-of-Thought Distillation for Table Re-Rankers

The ability to retrieve relevant tables for answering questions is a key task for structured information retrieval. Multi-stage retrieval systems rely heavily on rerankers to refine candidate lists produced by efficient first-stage retrievers. As a result, neural rerankers and LLM-based reranking methods have become increasingly important due to their superior capacity for semantic understanding and reasoning compared to conventional sparse or dense retrieval models. Recently, Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) equipped with explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning have shown strong improvements in ranking quality in unstructured passage retrieval. In this work, we present TabRank, a framework for training reasoning rerankers for Tabular Retrieval. We first present a comprehensive dataset of 6728 reasoning traces for tabular reranking on the Natural Questions Tables dataset. We then explore two variants of training a compact reasoning model on these reasoning traces: explicit CoT distillation and conditioning the student reranker on the teacher's reasoning trace within the prompt. We stress-test TabRank on several out-of-distribution generalization settings on diverse domains and multi-table scenarios. Our approach significantly improves performance across a variety of table retrieval datasets, increasing Acc@10 by 30.5% on HybridQA, 15.2% on SQA, 52.9% on TabFact, and 13.1% on TATQA subsets of the Multi-Table QA Benchmark compared to the base model. Notably, TabRank generalizes effectively to multi-table reasoning. Our code, data and models are available at https://github.com/AdarshSingh7647/TabRanker

Adarsh Singh, Kushal Raj Bhandari, Jianxi Gao +2

1Arizona State University · 2Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute · 3Scale AI

Table QACoT DistillationLearning to RankInformation RetrievalTable RetrievalLarge Reasoning Models
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Jul 27, 2026cs.DB

TEmBed-T: A Multi-Dimensional Benchmark for Table-Level Embeddings

Tabular data is the dominant structured-data modality, and learning table representations has become a core research direction. Table-level embeddings in particular underpin a wide range of applications, including table retrieval, data lake discovery, and table classification. Despite their importance, there is still limited understanding of how different embedding approaches behave across tasks, making systematic evaluation and analysis essential. In this work, we introduce a systematic evaluation of table-level embeddings that captures several complementary properties required for downstream effectiveness. We realize this evaluation by extending TEmBed, a recently proposed testbed for tabular embeddings, whose table-level coverage is currently limited to a single retrieval task. An empirical study over the TEmBed model pool confirms that no single model excels across all tasks, demonstrating that table-level embedding quality cannot be reduced to retrieval alone.

Ayeen Poostforoushan, Liane Vogel, Carsten Binnig

Independent Researcher · Technical University of Darmstadt · Technical University of Darmstadt & DFKI & hessian.AI

Tabular Representation LearningInformation RetrievalTable Retrieval
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Jul 20, 2026cs.AI

Semantically Similar, Yet Not Answerable: Diagnosing the Semantic-Answerability Gap in Table RAG

In retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), semantic relevance asks whether a source matches a query in meaning, while answerability asks whether it contains sufficient information to answer the query. A Semantic-Answerability Gap (SAG) may arise in retrieval when a retriever can reach semantically relevant sources yet fail to identify those that are uniquely answerable. We uncover this gap using tables as a controlled setting, where shared schemas and entities provide strong semantic signals while localized content and row-column bindings distinguish answerable from non-answerable sources. Using TCR-Bench, a controlled sibling-table benchmark, we find that dense retrievers achieve only 18.2% top-1 target retrieval, reducing QA F1 from 0.755 with the oracle table to 0.330 with retrieved top-5 tables. Controlled diagnostics show that retrievers favor semantic volume over sufficiency, respond weakly to row-column binding disruptions, and struggle to distinguish Targets from Siblings. Explicit answerability assessment substantially improves target identification, while fine-tuning shows that answerability is learnable but difficult to transfer without compromising broad semantic retrieval.

Jiaming Tian, Liyao Li, Wentao Ye +6

Zhejiang University · Bank of Hangzhou Co., Ltd. · Zhejiang Lab

Table QARetrieval-Augmented GenerationInformation RetrievalTable Retrieval
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Jul 14, 2026cs.CL

Finding the Right Tables and Columns: A Benchmark and Corpus-Adaptive Embeddings for SQL Schema Retrieval

Retrieval in the SQL setting has largely been studied as the task of finding, within a large collection of SQL statements, the statement that answers a natural-language question. At scale, however, a more fundamental retrieval problem precedes generation: schema retrieval, identifying the tables and columns a question requires in a database that may contain thousands of them, far more than fit in a model's context. We argue that this step warrants first-class evaluation. To this end, we recast five text-to-SQL datasets (Spider, BIRD, BEAVER, and two LiveSQLBench variants) as retrieval tasks at both table and column granularity, covering realistic and enterprise-scale schemas under two document representations, and we show that off-the-shelf text and code embedders transfer poorly to this setting. We then propose corpus-adaptive fine-tuning: natural-language queries are synthesized directly from the target schema corpus, granularity-aware hard negatives are mined, and a 305M-parameter embedder is fine-tuned contrastively. This procedure raises average recall@10 from 60.4 to 75.6 (nDCG@10 from 51.9 to 68.0), making the 305M model the strongest retriever under one billion parameters and competitive with state-of-the-art embedders of 4-8B parameters, more than an order of magnitude larger. The same recipe improves an 8B state-of-the-art embedder from 77.8 to 78.4 recall@10, matching the best result on the benchmark and indicating that the adaptation is backbone-agnostic. Leave-one-corpus-out experiments and a leakage audit show that these gains reflect a transferable schema-retrieval ability rather than memorization of the evaluation data. Our results establish schema linking as a standalone retrieval task and lightweight, label-free corpus adaptation as a practical route to deploying it at enterprise scale.

Qingcheng Zeng, Puxuan Yu, Aman Mehta +2

Northwestern University · Snowflake Inc.

Schema LinkingText-to-SQLTable RetrievalIR EvaluationRelational DatabasesDense Retrieval
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Jun 23, 2026cs.IR

Schema-First Retrieval: Embedding Catalogs for Natural Language Analytics

Enterprise text-to-SQL systems often fail before SQL is generated: the model receives the wrong schema context. Modern warehouses contain thousands of tables, abbreviated columns, informal metrics, hidden join conventions, and permission boundaries that are not captured by raw table names. We introduce Schema-First Retrieval, a retrieval layer that embeds catalog metadata rather than warehouse rows. The system indexes five typed catalog objects, tables, columns, metrics, relationships, and query history, using object-specific text templates. At query time, it combines parallel vector search, lineage expansion, cross-encoder reranking, workload memory, and deterministic access-control gates before SQL generation. On CRUSH4SQL (1,534 questions), Schema-First Retrieval reaches 96.4% table recall@20 and cross-encoder reranking adds +11.1 points at column recall@10; against an equally-templated BM25 baseline, semantic retrieval is +32.8 points at table recall@5. On SEDE (857 questions), query history raises table recall@5 from 52.1% to 92.3%. On BIRD (96 questions), schema-first context reduces SQL execution errors from 15.6% to 6.2%, a 2.5x reduction. These results show that catalog selection is a first-class retrieval problem for natural language analytics, not a prompt formatting detail.

Adarsh Agrawal, Shashank Indukuri

Text-to-SQLInformation RetrievalTable RetrievalHybrid RetrievalDense Retrieval
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Jun 5, 2026cs.DB

RACT: Retrieval Augmented Column-Table Learning and Prediction for Multi-Table Schema Matching

Schema matching, a critical task for integrating data from diverse sources, seeks to identify correspondences between columns across different schemas. In multi-table holistic schema matching, columns with similar semantic meaning may reside in tables with different contexts due to heterogeneous schema designs, where similarity-based techniques are inadequate. The focus of this paper is exploiting referential context into schema matching by introducing RACT learning and prediction, a self-supervised framework enabling the probabilistic retrieval of candidate tables for source columns to constrain relevant column candidates. Experiments demonstrate that this approach outperforms similarity-based baselines on matching multi-table schemas. In subsequent matching experiments, constraining the column search space via top-t tables improves both average matching precision and completeness by up to +70%.

Leonard Traeger, Enas Khwaileh, Andreas Behrend +1

University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA · Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands · Technical University of Cologne Cologne, Germany

Table RetrievalSemantic Mapping
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May 18, 2026cs.IR

PIPER: Content-Based Table Search via profiling and LLM-Generated Pseudoqueries

The rapid growth of tabular datasets in data lakes, data spaces, and open data portals makes effective dataset search essential for reuse and analysis. Existing search systems rely mainly on metadata, which is often incomplete or low quality, especially for tables whose meaning depends on both schema and cell values. Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) enable richer, content-based representations of tables. However, prior LLM-based retrieval methods have focused on Table Question Answering, where the goal is to select a single table to answer a question, rather than retrieve and rank relevant datasets. We propose PIPER, a content-driven retrieval method for tabular datasets that uses table profiles and LLM-generated queries embedded for dense retrieval. Designed for dataset search in poor-metadata settings, PIPER outperforms both classical metadata-based baselines and strong TableQA retrieval methods, demonstrating the value of LLM-based content modeling for tabular dataset search.

Riccardo Terrenzi, Matteo Falconi, Serkan Ayvaz +1

Centre for Industrial Software, University of Southern Denmark, Sønderborg, Denmark · Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy

Information RetrievalTable Retrieval
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May 6, 2026cs.CL

TabEmbed: Benchmarking and Learning Generalist Embeddings for Tabular Understanding

Foundation models have established unified representations for natural language processing, yet this paradigm remains largely unexplored for tabular data. Existing methods face fundamental limitations: LLM-based approaches lack retrieval-compatible vector outputs, whereas text embedding models often fail to capture tabular structure and numerical semantics. To bridge this gap, we first introduce the Tabular Embedding Benchmark (TabBench), a comprehensive suite designed to evaluate the tabular understanding capability of embedding models. We then propose TabEmbed, the first generalist embedding model that unifies tabular classification and retrieval within a shared embedding space. By reformulating diverse tabular tasks as semantic matching problems, TabEmbed leverages large-scale contrastive learning with positive-aware hard negative mining to discern fine-grained structural and numerical nuances. Experimental results on TabBench demonstrate that TabEmbed significantly outperforms state-of-the-art text embedding models, establishing a new baseline for universal tabular representation learning. Code and datasets are publicly available at https://github.com/qiangminjie27/TabEmbed and https://huggingface.co/datasets/qiangminjie27/TabBench.

Minjie Qiang, Mingming Zhang, Xiaoyi Bao +5

Natural Language Processing Lab, Soochow University, Suzhou, China · Ant Group, Hangzhou, China · The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

Tabular Foundation ModelsTabular MLTabular Representation LearningInformation RetrievalTable Retrieval
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May 1, 2026cs.IR

FollowTable: A Benchmark for Instruction-Following Table Retrieval

Table Retrieval (TR) has traditionally been formulated as an ad-hoc retrieval problem, where relevance is primarily determined by topical semantic similarity. With the growing adoption of LLM-based agentic systems, access to structured data is increasingly instruction-driven, where relevance is conditional on explicit content and schema constraints rather than topical similarity alone. We therefore formalize Instruction-Following Table Retrieval (IFTR), a new task that requires models to jointly satisfy topical relevance and fine-grained instruction constraints. We identify two core challenges in IFTR: (i) sensitivity to content scope, such as inclusion and exclusion constraints, and (ii) awareness of schema-grounded requirements, including column semantics and representation granularity--capabilities largely absent in existing retrievers. To support systematic evaluation, we introduce FollowTable, the first large-scale benchmark for IFTR, constructed via a taxonomy-driven annotation pipeline. We further propose a new metric, termed the Instruction Responsiveness Score, to evaluate whether retrieval rankings consistently adapt to user instructions relative to a topic-only baseline. Our results indicate that existing retrieval models struggle to follow fine-grained instructions over tabular data. In particular, they exhibit systematic biases toward surface-level semantic cues and remain limited in handling schema-grounded constraints, highlighting substantial room for future improvements.

Rihui Jin, Yuchen Lu, Ting Zhang +7

Southeast University Nanjing, China Key Laboratory of New Generation Artificial Intelligence Technology and Its Interdisciplinary Applications (Southeast University), Ministry of Education · Huawei Noah’s Ark Lab Shenzhen, China

Information RetrievalTable RetrievalIR Evaluation
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Apr 27, 2026cs.CL

Improving Robustness of Tabular Retrieval via Representational Stability

Transformer-based table retrieval systems flatten structured tables into token sequences, making retrieval sensitive to the choice of serialization even when table semantics remain unchanged. We show that semantically equivalent serializations, such as csv\texttt{csv}, tsv\texttt{tsv}, html\texttt{html}, markdown\texttt{markdown}, and ddl\texttt{ddl}, can produce substantially different embeddings and retrieval results across multiple benchmarks and retriever families. To address this instability, we treat serialization embedding as noisy views of a shared semantic signal and use its centroid as a canonical target representation. We show that centroid averaging suppresses format-specific variation and can recover the semantic content common to different serializations when format-induced shifts differ across tables. Empirically, centroid representations outrank individual formats in aggregate pairwise comparisons across MPNet\texttt{MPNet}, BGE-M3\texttt{BGE-M3}, ReasonIR\texttt{ReasonIR}, and SPLADE\texttt{SPLADE}. We further introduce a lightweight residual bottleneck adapter on top of a frozen encoder that maps single-serialization embeddings towards centroid targets while preserving variance and enforcing covariance regularization. The adapter improves robustness for several dense retrievers, though gains are model-dependent and weaker for sparse lexical retrieval. These results identify serialization sensitivity as a major source of retrieval variance and show the promise of post hoc geometric correction for serialization-invariant table retrieval.

Kushal Raj Bhandari, Adarsh Singh, Jianxi Gao +2

Department of Computer Science Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, USA · ScaleAI San Francisco, CA, USA

Retrieval RobustnessInformation RetrievalTable RetrievalInvariant Representation LearningDense Retrieval
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Jan 19, 2026cs.CL

CORE-T: COherent REtrieval of Tables for Text-to-SQL

Realistic text-to-SQL workflows often require joining multiple tables. As a result, accurately retrieving the relevant set of tables becomes a key bottleneck for end-to-end performance. We study an open-book setting where queries must be answered over large, heterogeneous table collections pooled from many sources, without clean scoping signals such as database identifiers. Here, dense retrieval (DR) achieves high recall but returns many distractors, while join-aware alternatives often rely on extra assumptions and/or incur high inference overhead. We propose CORE-T, a scalable, training-free framework that enriches tables with LLM-generated purpose metadata and pre-computes a lightweight table-compatibility cache. At inference time, DR returns top-K candidates; a single LLM call selects a coherent, joinable subset, and a two-step additive adjustment stage restores strongly compatible tables. Across Bird, Spider, MMQA, and Beaver, CORE-T improves over DR by up to 22.7 points in table-selection F1 while returning up to 40% fewer tables, and by up to 24.4 points in multi-table execution accuracy, and uses 1.64-4.20x fewer total selection tokens than LLM-intensive baselines.

Hassan Soliman, Vivek Gupta, Dan Roth +1

Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab (UKP Lab), Department of Computer Science TU Darmstadt and National Research Center for Applied Cybersecurity ATHENE, Germany · Arizona State University · University of Pennsylvania

Text-to-SQLInformation RetrievalTable Retrieval
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