cs.CLApr 29, 2026

Translating Under Pressure: Domain-Aware LLMs for Crisis Communication

Authors: Antonio CastaldoMaria Carmen StaianoJohanna MontiSheila CastilhoFrancesca Chiusaroli

Organizations: University of Pisa · University of Naples “L’Orientale” · University of Macerata · Dublin City University

Abstract

Timely and reliable multilingual communication is critical during natural and human-induced disasters, but developing effective solutions for crisis communication is limited by the scarcity of curated parallel data. We propose a domain-adaptive pipeline that expands a small reference corpus, by retrieving and filtering data from general corpora. We use the resulting dataset to fine-tune a small language model for crisis-domain translation and then apply preference optimization to bias outputs toward CEFR A2-level English. Automatic and human evaluation shows that this approach improves readability, while maintaining strong adequacy. Our results indicate that simplified English, combined with domain adaptation, can function as a practical lingua franca for emergency communication when full multilingual coverage is not feasible.

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