Embedding Semantic Risk into Distance Fields and CBFs for Online Monocular Safe Control
Authors: Dawei Zhang, Nuo Chen, Shuo Liu, Roberto Tron, Zhiwen Fan
Abstract
We propose an online monocular perception-to-control framework that embeds semantic risk into the distance field used by Control Barrier Function (CBF)-based safe navigation and teleoperation. Many perception-based safety filters assign the same distance-based safety margin to all mapped obstacles or use semantics only as a downstream controller adjustment, rather than encoding semantic risk in the spatial representation. Our framework instead reasons online about obstacle geometry and class-dependent risk by embedding semantic information directly into the Euclidean Signed Distance Field (ESDF). This design encodes semantic risk before control optimization, so high-risk objects exert a larger spatial influence in the safety field while retaining efficient ESDF queries at runtime. Specifically, a foundation-model-based SLAM front end reconstructs dense 3-D geometry from monocular RGB video, while per-frame semantic segmentation provides pixel-level class labels that are fused into the reconstructed geometry. The resulting geometric-semantic representation is then converted into an ESDF, where semantic labels identify safety-relevant regions and impose class-dependent inflation before field computation. The semantic-aware ESDF provides the local distance values and spatial derivatives required by the CBF controller, while class-dependent gains further regulate the controller response. Extensive simulation and hardware experiments demonstrate online operation at 10--20 Hz and semantic-aware safe behavior in both teleoperation and autonomous navigation.
Traditional safety-critical control methods, such as control barrier functions, suffer from semantic blindness, exhibiting the same behavior around obstacles regardless of contextual significance. This limitation leads to the uniform treatment of all obstacles, despite their differing semantic meanings. We present Safe-SAGE (Social-Semantic Adaptive Guidance for Safe Engagement), a unified framework that bridges the gap between high-level semantic understanding and low-level safety-critical control through a Poisson safety function (PSF) modulated using a Laplace guidance field. Our approach perceives the environment by fusing multi-sensor point clouds with vision-based instance segmentation and persistent object tracking to maintain up-to-date semantics beyond the camera's field of view. A multi-layer safety filter is then used to modulate system inputs to achieve safe navigation using this semantic understanding of the environment. This safety filter consists of both a model predictive control layer and a control barrier function layer. Both layers utilize the PSF and flux modulation of the guidance field to introduce varying levels of conservatism and multi-agent passing norms for different obstacles in the environment. Our framework enables legged robots to safely navigate semantically rich, dynamic environments with context-dependent safety margins.
Safe control in unknown environments is a key challenge in mobile robotics. Control Barrier Functions (CBFs) provide a principled framework for guaranteeing safety constraint satisfaction. State-of-the-art CBF approaches assume either known environments with predefined obstacles, or rely only on obstacles currently within the robot's Field of View (FoV). However, practical robots in a priori unknown environments can observe their surroundings only partially, and therefore can violate safety due to limited FoV, sensor range, or occlusion. This paper incorporates the memory of previously observed obstacles of arbitrary shape that have left the robot's FoV into CBF-based safe control. In particular, we couple the Signed Distance Function (SDF)-based CBF formulation to an occupancy grid map built online during the system's operation. Furthermore, the lack of steering authority induced by the SDF gradient degeneracy when facing obstacles head-on is addressed by constructing a Gaussian pyramid of the SDF, yielding a multi-level CBF. The efficacy of the proposed approach is evaluated against memory unaware baselines in the CARLA simulator. Moreover, we demonstrate the generalizability of the proposed approach in real deployments on a small warehouse robot and a large, articulated frame steering autonomous wheel loader.
Golnaz Raja, Miloš Prágr, Topi Reino Johannes Kärki +2
In this work, we address the problem of ensuring real-time safety in autonomous robot navigation, in spatially constrained dynamic environments, by utilizing only onboard sensors. We present a real-time control architecture that integrates a 3D LIDAR perception-based composite control barrier function(CBF)-based safety filter directly into the autonomy pipeline. The proposed perception-driven framework enforces collision avoidance constraints dynamically from onboard point cloud data, thus allowing a large number of constraints to be handled at the control frequency, while remaining minimally invasive to nominal task execution. The safety region is defined as an ellipsoid in the body-frame, consistent with the geometry of the platform, which induces time-varying constraints in the world frame as the robot rotates; this effect is handled through a dedicated formulation of time-varying (CBF) for each LIDAR point. We validate the system through multiple field experiments in underground environments by utilizing a quadruped platform performing a visual inspection task, demonstrating reliable operation in the presence of dynamic obstacles, unsafe high-level references, abrupt localization anomalies, and while traversing through narrow corridors.
Viswa Narayanan Sankaranarayanan, Vignesh K. Viswanathan, Akshit Saradagi +2