cs.LGJul 15, 2026

Low-Latency Relay Selection in NR-V2X Vehicular Communications via Graph Isomorphism Networks with Edge Features

Authors: Giambattista AmatiFederica MangiatordiEmiliano PallottiSimone AngeliniPierpaolo SalvoPaola Vocca

Organizations: Fondazione Ugo Bordoni (FUB) Rome, Italy · University of Rome Tor Vergata (UniRoma2) Rome, Italy

Abstract

Reliable, low-latency uplink connectivity is a key requirement for C-V2X networks in dense urban environments, where fast channel variations and blockages often degrade direct vehicle-to-infrastructure links. Multi-hop relaying can restore coverage, but relay-link activation under radio, capacity, and routing constraints results in an NP-hard optimisation problem, typically solved via Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP), whose runtime scales poorly with graph size. This paper introduces an edge-aware Learning-to-Optimise framework for real-time relay selection. Each V2X snapshot is modelled as a directed graph: node features encode vehicle state and traffic demand, while edge features capture radio-link capacity. An offline MILP oracle generates optimal relay configurations that supervise a Graph Isomorphism Network with Edge Features (GINE), enabling edge-level relay activation through a single forward pass, with tightly bounded inference latency. To bridge learning and exact optimisation, we also propose a hybrid GINE-Pruned MILP (GP-MILP) strategy in which GINE predictions prune the MILP search space. Experiments on a large-scale dataset generated via an OSM-SUMO-GEMV2^2 pipeline show that GINE closely matches MILP decisions at the link level (accuracy 0.9589), F1-score (0.9544) on validation) and yields consistent end-to-end connectivity gains over a 1-hop MILP baseline (up to 9.2% with four RSUs and 12% with two RSUs). Inference latency remains tightly bounded, with all evaluated instances completing within 5ms. Moreover, GP-MILP preserves MILP-equivalent solutions (same objective value) while achieving solver runtimes below 30ms for more than 98%) of the graph instances, making MILP-grade optimisation compatible with stringent NR-V2X latency budgets.

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