School of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China · School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
School of Electronic and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China · Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, and also with Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, China · School of Electronic Information (School of Artificial Intelligence), Northwest University, Xi’an, China
Minzu University of China, Beijing, China · Key Laboratory of Ethnic Language Intelligent Analysis and Security Governance of MOE, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China · Peking University, Beijing, China +4
Aug 1, 2026·Shrey Agrawal, Gowri Asaithambi, Venkatesan Kanagaraj +3Traffic
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India · Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, 517619, Andhra Pradesh, India · Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
School of Computer Science (National Pilot Software Engineering School), Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China · Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China · Department of Automation, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China +3
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, South Africa · Technology Strategy Planning, Architecture & Assurance, Vodacom Group Limited, South Africa · Core Data Networks Performance Management, Vodacom Group Limited, South Africa +1
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China · School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China · JDT AI Infra +2
School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China · School of Intelligence Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China
State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City, University of Macau, Macau · Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Macau, Macau
Authors are with CARIAD SE, Germany. · Author is with the Institute of Automotive Engineering (FZD), TU Darmstadt, Germany. · Author is with the Technical University of Munich, Germany.
Aix Marseille University, CNRS, LIS, Marseille, France · Université Libre de Bruxelles, Machine Learning Group, Brussels, Belgium · WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Australia · School of Information Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Visual Information Intelligent Processing, Hangzhou · Jilin University, Jilin · City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR China
College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China · Tongyi Lab, Alibaba Group, Cloud Valley, NO.1008 Dengcai Street, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310020, China · The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China +1
Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA · Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy · AMS Institute, Gebouw 027W, Kattenburgerstraat 5, Amsterdam, 1018, Netherlands +1
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, 999077, Hong Kong · School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China · State Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM, Beijing, 100191, China
College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China · ICNLab, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China