Educational Assessment

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Overview

Educational assessment develops ways to measure learners’ knowledge, skills, progress, and learning needs, so results can support instruction, certification, and fair decisions. Common approaches include psychometric models such as item response theory, cognitive diagnosis, rubrics, and machine-learning or language-model systems for scoring responses, estimating item difficulty, and providing feedback. Current work also uses multimodal evidence, adaptive testing, and curriculum-aligned benchmarks, while testing whether tools generalize across learners, subjects, and task formats. A central challenge is ensuring that scores and feedback are valid, reliable, and fair; automated systems can help with structured tasks but still need careful evaluation and human oversight, especially when reasoning or context matters.

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151 papers15 papers in the last four weeks, up 67% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. Are Agents Ready to Teach? A Multi-Stage Benchmark for Real-World Teaching Workflows

    May 14, 2026Zixin Chen, Peng Liu, Rui Sheng +6Intelligent Tutoring SystemsEducational Assessment

    Hong Kong University of Science and Technology · Qwen Team, Alibaba Group · Qwen Team

  2. Predicting Disagreement with Human Raters in LLM-as-a-Judge Difficulty Assessment without Using Generation-Time Probability Signals

    May 12, 2026Yo EharaAnnotator DisagreementLLM-as-a-Judge

    Tokyo Gakugei University

  3. Human-Grounded Multimodal Benchmark with 900K-Scale Aggregated Student Response Distributions from Japan's National Assessment of Academic Ability

    May 12, 2026Kyosuke Takami, Yuka Tateisi, Satoshi Sekine +1Educational AssessmentMultimodal Reasoning

    Osaka Kyoiku University · University of Tokyo · NII LLMC

  4. K12-KGraph: A Curriculum-Aligned Knowledge Graph for Benchmarking and Training Educational LLMs

    May 10, 2026Hao Liang, Qihan Lin, Zhaoyang Han +5AI in EducationKnowledge Augmentation for Language Models

    1Peking University · Institute for Advanced Algorithms Research, Shanghai · 3OriginHub Technology +1

  5. Creating and Evaluating K-12 GenAI Assessment Graders Through Context Engineering

    May 8, 2026Zewei Tian, Alex Liu, Lief Esbenshade +6Educational AssessmentGenerative AI in Education

    University of Washington · Colleague AI

  6. From 0-Order Selection to 2-Order Judgment: Combinatorial Hardening Exposes Compositional Failures in Frontier LLMs

    May 8, 2026Hanmeng Liu, Shichao Weng, Xiulai Liu +3Logical ReasoningLLM Evaluation

    Hainan University, Haikou, China · Fudan University, Shanghai, China

  7. Counterargument for Critical Thinking as Judged by AI and Humans

    May 6, 2026Tosin Adewumi, Marcus Liwicki, Foteini Simistira Liwicki +3LLM-as-a-JudgeEducational Assessment

    Machine Learning Group, EISLAB, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden.

  8. Human-in-the-Loop Benchmarking of Heterogeneous LLMs for Automated Competency Assessment in Secondary Level Mathematics

    Apr 29, 2026Jatin Bhusal, Nancy Mahatha, Aayush Acharya +1LLM EvaluationEducational Assessment

    Research and Incubation Center (RAIN), Sunway College Kathmandu

  9. Your Students Don't Use LLMs Like You Wish They Did

    Apr 26, 2026Sebastian Kobler, Matthew Clemson, Angela Sun +1Educational AssessmentAI in Education

    The University of Sydney

  10. Mathematical Modelling of Ethical AI Use in Higher Education: A Coordination Game Framework for Future-Facing Learning

    Apr 23, 2026Ndidi Bianca Ogbo, Zhao Song, Shatha Ghareeb +1Educational AssessmentGenerative AI in Education

    School of Computing, Engineering and Digital Technologies, Teesside University, United Kingdom

  11. Cross-Dataset Bloom Question Classification: Supervised Models and Prompted LLMs

    Apr 22, 2026Abdolali Faraji, Mohammadreza Molavi, Zohreh Rasoulkhani +2LLM EvaluationEducational Assessment

    Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology (TIB) · University of Genoa

  12. ActuBench: A Multi-Agent LLM Pipeline for Generation and Evaluation of Actuarial Reasoning Tasks

    Apr 22, 2026Jan-Philipp SchmidtLLM EvaluationEducational Assessment

    TH Köln, Institut für Versicherungswesen (ivwKöln)

  13. Has Automated Essay Scoring Reached Sufficient Accuracy? Deriving Achievable QWK Ceilings from Classical Test Theory

    Apr 21, 2026Masaki UtoInter-Rater ReliabilityEducational Assessment

    The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan

  14. Catching The Correct Answer Trap: Characterising AI Tutor Blind Spots When Analysing Student Reasoning

    Apr 20, 2026Moiz Imran, Sahan BulathwelaIntelligent Tutoring SystemsEducational Assessment

    Department of Computer Science, University College London, UK · Centre for Artificial Intelligence, University College London, UK

  15. From Scoring to Explanations: Evaluating SHAP and LLM Rationales for Rubric-based Teaching Quality Assessment

    Apr 18, 2026Ivo Bueno, Babette Bühler, Philipp Stark +5Educational AssessmentShapley Value Attribution

    1Technical University of Munich · 2Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML) · 3Lund University +3

  16. A Two-Stage, Object-Centric Deep Learning Framework for Robust Exam Cheating Detection

    Apr 17, 2026Van-Truong Le, Le-Khanh Nguyen, Trong-Doanh NguyenEducational Assessment

    University of Science, VNUHCM Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

  17. Automatically Inferring Teachers' Geometric Content Knowledge: A Skills Based Approach

    Apr 15, 2026Ziv Fenigstein, Kobi Gal, Avi Segal +3Educational Assessment

    Ben-Gurion University, Israel · University of Edinburgh, U.K.

  18. MCQ Difficulty Prediction via Modeling Learner Heterogeneity Using Data-Driven Cognitive Profiling

    Apr 13, 2026Dhriti Krishnan, Jaromir SavelkaItem Difficulty EstimationEducational Assessment

    Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

  19. Use of AI Tools: Guidelines to Maintain Academic Integrity in Computing Colleges

    Apr 13, 2026Hatem M. El-boghdadi, Toqeer Ali Syed, Ali Akarma +1Academic IntegrityGenerative AI in Education

    Faculty of computer and information System, Islamic University of Madina, Saudi Arabia · Faculty of Artificial Intelligence Multimedia University, Malaysia

  20. Generating Multiple-Choice Knowledge Questions with Interpretable Difficulty Estimation using Knowledge Graphs and Large Language Models

    Apr 12, 2026Mehmet Can Şakiroğlu, H. Altay Güvenir, Kamer KayaMultiple-Choice Question GenerationAutomated Test Generation

    Computer Engineering Department, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey · Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University · VERIM, Center of Excellence in Data Analytics, Sabanci University

  21. AI Achieves a Perfect LSAT Score

    Apr 11, 2026Bonmu KuLLM ReasoningLLM Evaluation

  22. LLM-Based Data Generation and Clinical Skills Evaluation for Low-Resource French OSCEs

    Apr 9, 2026Tian Huang, Tom Bourgeade, Irina IllinaEducational AssessmentClinical Language Model Evaluation

    Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000 Nancy, France

  23. Chatbot-Based Assessment of Code Understanding in Automated Programming Assessment Systems

    Apr 8, 2026Eduard Frankford, Erik Cikalleshi, Ruth BreuEducational AssessmentAutomated Evaluation

    University of Innsbruck, Department of Computer Science, Innsbruck, Austria

  24. Embedding Enhancement via Fine-Tuned Language Models for Learner-Item Cognitive Modeling

    Apr 5, 2026Yuanhao Liu, Zihan Zhou, Kaiying Wu +5Cognitive Diagnostic ModelsComputerized Adaptive Testing

    East China Normal University Shanghai, China · Tencent Inc Shenzhen, China · Shanghai Innovation Institute Shanghai, China

  25. A CEFR-Inspired Classification Framework with Fuzzy C-Means To Automate Assessment of Programming Skills in Scratch

    Apr 1, 2026Ricardo Hidalgo-Aragón, Jesús M. González-Barahona, Gregorio RoblesEducational AssessmentProgramming Education

    Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain

  26. REFINE: Real-world Exploration of Interactive Feedback and Student Behaviour

    Mar 31, 2026Fares Fawzi, Seyed Parsa Neshaei, Marta Knezevic +2Educational Feedback GenerationGenerative AI in Education

    EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

  27. Multimodal Analytics of Cybersecurity Crisis Preparation Exercises: What Predicts Success?

    Mar 30, 2026Conrad Borchers, Valdemar Švábenský, Sandesh K. Kafle +2Educational Assessment

    Carnegie Mellon University · Masaryk University, Faculty of Informatics

  28. A Framework for Human-AI Q-Matrix Refinement: A NeuralCDM Evaluation

    Mar 30, 2026Ying Zhang, Ningxi Cheng, Yizhu Gao +5Cognitive Diagnostic ModelsEducational Assessment

    AI4STEM Education Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

  29. Do Small Language Models Know When They're Wrong? Confidence-Based Cascade Scoring for Educational Assessment

    Mar 29, 2026Tyler BurleighLanguage Model CascadingAutomated Grading

    Khan Academy

  30. Understanding Teacher Revisions of Large Language Model-Generated Feedback

    Mar 29, 2026Conrad Borchers, Luiz Rodrigues, Newarney Torrezão da Costa +2AI in EducationGenerative AI in Education

    Carnegie Mellon University · Federal Technological University of Paraná – UTFPR · Instituto Federal Goiano – IF Goiano +1