Overview

On-policy distillation studies how to transfer a teacher’s capabilities by training a student on trajectories the student generates, rather than only on fixed teacher-written examples. Common approaches match teacher and student token distributions with KL-style objectives, often combining this dense feedback with verifier rewards, reinforcement learning, or feedback from successful peer attempts. Work spans language-model reasoning and tool-using agents as well as multimodal, speech, diffusion, and embodied models; methods increasingly select useful tokens, turns, or rollout lengths to reduce compute. A central tension is that student-generated states can make supervision more relevant, but teacher signals may be unreliable or mismatched, and repeated rollouts can be costly or destabilize training. 4 sentences total.

Latest papers

CardsList

508 papers178 papers in the last four weeks, up 141% on the four weeks before. 1.0% of all new papers.

  1. Weak-to-Strong Generalization via Direct On-Policy Distillation

    Jul 6, 2026Shiyuan Feng, Huan-ang Gao, Haohan Chi +7RL for Language Model ReasoningWeak-to-Strong Generalization

  2. Rethinking On-Policy Self-Distillation for Thinking Models

    Jul 6, 2026Simran Kaur, Narutatsu Ri, Yinghui He +2LLM Self-CorrectionOn-Policy Self-Distillation

  3. Multi-Turn On-Policy Distillation with Prefix Replay

    Jul 6, 2026Baohao Liao, Hanze Dong, Christof Monz +3LLM Agent TrainingOn-Policy Distillation

  4. Trust Region Policy Distillation

    Jul 6, 2026Zhengpeng Xie, Li Lyna Zhang, Zeke Xie +1On-Policy DistillationPolicy Learning

  5. UI-MOPD: Multi-Platform On-Policy Distillation for Continual GUI Agent Learning

    Jul 5, 2026Niu Lian, Alan Chen, Zhehao Yu +8Continual Learning for LLM AgentsGUI Agents

  6. Reward-Gated On-Policy Distillation

    Jul 4, 2026Mohammad Sadegh Akhondzadeh, Vijay Lingam, Atula Tejaswi +3Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  7. Purified OPSD: On-Policy Self-Distillation Without Losing How to Think

    Jul 2, 2026Zhanming Shen, Jintao Tong, Shaotian Yan +9CoT DistillationOn-Policy Self-Distillation

  8. H-OPD: Confidence Aware Heterogeneous Multi-Teacher Multimodal On-policy Distillation

    Jul 1, 2026Qixiang Yin, Huanjin Yao, Yuchen Cai +4Cross-Modal Knowledge DistillationVLM Distillation

  9. Behavior Cloning is Not All You Need: The Optimality of On-Policy Distillation for Noisy Expert Feedback

    Jun 29, 2026Ved Sriraman, Peihan Liu, Daniel Hsu +1RL for Language ModelsImitation Learning

  10. DOPD: Dual On-policy Distillation

    Jun 29, 2026Xinlei Yu, Gen Li, Qingyi Si +13On-Policy Self-DistillationVLM Distillation

  11. When Does Online Imitation Learning Help in LLM Post-Training? The Role of (Non-)Realizability Beyond Horizon

    Jun 29, 2026Huaqing Zhang, Jingchu Gai, Juno Kim +2Imitation LearningInteractive Imitation Learning

  12. MOPD: Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation for Capability Integration in LLM Post-Training

    Jun 29, 2026Wenhan Ma, Jianyu Wei, Liang Zhao +10Multi-Teacher Knowledge DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  13. Building Multi-Task Agentic LLMs via Two-Phase Distillation

    Jun 29, 2026Huaijie Wang, Shusheng Xu, Yi Wu +1Language Model DistillationMulti-Task RL

  14. ATOD: Annealed Turn-aware On-policy Distillation for Multi-turn Autonomous Agents

    Jun 26, 2026Qitai Tan, Zefang Zong, Yang Li +1Agentic RLOn-Policy Distillation

  15. OPID: On-Policy Skill Distillation for Agentic Reinforcement Learning

    Jun 25, 2026Shuo Yang, Jinyang Wu, Zhengxi Lu +8Agentic RLLLM Agent Skill Learning

  16. NebulaExp-8B: An Empirical Post-Training Pipeline via Full-Scale Ablation Research

    Jun 25, 2026Qiaobo Hao, Yangqian Wu, Shunyi Wang +5Supervised Fine-TuningRL for Language Models

  17. V-Zero: Answer-Label-Free On-Policy Distillation with Contrastive Evidence Gating for Fine-Grained Visual Reasoning

    Jun 24, 2026Haoxiang Sun, Zhihang Yi, Langxuan Deng +6Visual ReasoningVLM Distillation

  18. AsyncOPD: How Stale Can On-Policy Distillation Be?

    Jun 23, 2026Wonjun Kang, Kevin Galim, Seunghyuk Oh +9Language Model DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  19. ReNIO: Reweighting Negative Trajectory Importance for LLM On-Policy Distillation

    Jun 22, 2026Chen Lin, Kedi Chen, Wei ZhangCoT DistillationLanguage Model Distillation

  20. Finding the Evidence: Discovering Decision-Supporting Tokens for On-Policy Reasoning Distillation

    Jun 22, 2026Jinwei Xiao, Zhuowen Han, Yueqing Sun +6CoT DistillationOn-Policy Distillation

  21. On the Position Bias of On-Policy Distillation

    Jun 21, 2026Yan Xie, Sijie Zhu, Tiansheng Wen +2Importance WeightingLanguage Model Distillation

  22. Prefix-Guided On-Policy Distillation: Mining Golden Trajectories from Rollouts

    Jun 20, 2026Qingfei Zhao, Huan Song, Shuyu Tian +2Trajectory GenerationCoT Distillation

  23. PowerOPD: Stabilizing On-Policy Distillation with Bounded Power Transformation

    Jun 15, 2026Anhao Zhao, Junlong Tong, Yingqi Fan +3On-Policy DistillationTeacher-Student Learning

  24. On-Policy Distillation with Curriculum Turn-level Guidance for Multi-turn Agents

    Jun 14, 2026Gengsheng Li, Mao Zheng, Mingyang Song +8Language Model DistillationLLM Agent Training