Robust Watermarking

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Overview

Robust watermarking studies how to attach detectable signals to text, images, audio, video, data, and AI models while preserving their quality or utility. Approaches include embedding during generation or in model parameters, using semantic or latent representations, spreading payloads across signals, and adding error-correcting codes or attack-aware training. Evaluation tests transformations such as paraphrasing, compression, cropping, regeneration, fine-tuning, and targeted forgery, with benchmarks increasingly measuring false positives and perceptual quality as well as recovery. The central tension is that stronger signals may distort content, while sophisticated edits can erase or forge marks without obvious damage, so robustness depends on the attack setting and cannot be assumed universally.

Latest papers

CardsList

208 papers35 papers in the last four weeks, up 40% on the four weeks before. 0.2% of all new papers.

  1. On Google's SynthID-Text LLM Watermarking System: Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Validation

    Mar 3, 2026Romina Omidi, Yun Dong, Binghui WangLLM WatermarkingRobust Watermarking

    Department of Computer Science, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA

  2. SIGMark: Scalable In-Generation Watermark with Blind Extraction for Video Diffusion

    Mar 3, 2026Xinjie Zhu, Zijing Zhao, Hui Jin +5Diffusion Model WatermarkingRobust Watermarking

    Lenovo Research, Beijing, China

  3. Hide&Seek: Remove Image Watermarks with Negligible Cost via Pixel-wise Reconstruction

    Mar 1, 2026Huajie Chen, Tianqing Zhu, Hailin Yang +7Watermark RemovalAI-Generated Image Watermarking

    City University of Macau · CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security · Guangzhou University

  4. SKeDA: A Generative Watermarking Framework for Text-to-video Diffusion Models

    Feb 27, 2026Yang Yang, Xinze Zou, Zehua Ma +2Diffusion Model WatermarkingRobust Watermarking

    the School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China · Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China · the School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117417

  5. All in One: Unifying Deepfake Detection, Tampering Localization, and Source Tracing with a Robust Landmark-Identity Watermark

    Feb 26, 2026Junjiang Wu, Liejun Wang, Zhiqing GuoDigital Image ForensicsDigital Forensics

    School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China · Xinjiang Multimodal Intelligent Processing and Information Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi, China

  6. Q-Tag: Watermarking Quantum Circuit Generative Models

    Feb 26, 2026Yang Yang, Yuzhu Long, Han Fang +4Robust Watermarking

    School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China · Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, China · School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore +3

  7. Meta-FC: Meta-Learning with Feature Consistency for Robust and Generalizable Watermarking

    Feb 25, 2026Yuheng Li, Weitong Chen, Chengcheng Zhu +4Robust WatermarkingMeta-Learning

    Yangzhou University · Nanjing University · Shandong University +2

  8. Breaking Semantic-Aware Watermarks via LLM-Guided Coherence-Preserving Semantic Injection

    Feb 25, 2026Zheng Gao, Xiaoyu Li, Zhicheng Bao +2Watermark RemovalDiffusion Model Watermarking

    University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia · Griffith University Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

  9. WaterVIB: Learning Minimal Sufficient Watermark Representations via Variational Information Bottleneck

    Feb 25, 2026Haoyuan He, Yu Zheng, Jie Zhou +1Robust Watermarking

    Department of Automation, Tsinghua University.

  10. RecoverMark: Robust Watermarking for Localization and Recovery of Manipulated Faces

    Feb 24, 2026Haonan An, Xiaohui Ye, Guang Hua +4Robust WatermarkingImage Forgery Localization

    City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong · South China University of Technology · Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore 828608

  11. Decoupling Defense Strategies for Robust Image Watermarking

    Feb 23, 2026Jiahui Chen, Zehang Deng, Zeyu Zhang +3Robust WatermarkingAdversarial Robustness

    Tsinghua University · Swinburne University of Technology · The Australian National University +2

  12. TokenTrace: Multi-Concept Attribution through Watermarked Token Recovery

    Feb 22, 2026Li Zhang, Shruti Agarwal, John Collomosse +2Diffusion Model WatermarkingRobust Watermarking

    Adobe Research · University of California, San Diego · DECaDE, University of Surrey

  13. TIACam: Text-Anchored Invariant Feature Learning with Auto-Augmentation for Camera-Robust Zero-Watermarking

    Feb 21, 2026Abdullah All Tanvir, Agnibh Dasgupta, Xin ZhongRobust WatermarkingInvariant Representation Learning

    Department of Computer Science, University of Nebraska Omaha

  14. Unforgeable Watermarks for Language Models via Robust Signatures

    Feb 17, 2026Huijia Lin, Kameron Shahabi, Min Jae SongLLM WatermarkingRobust Watermarking

    Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington · Data Science Institute, University of Chicago

  15. AGMark: Attention-Guided Dynamic Watermarking for Large Vision-Language Models

    Feb 10, 2026Yue Li, Xin Yi, Dongsheng Shi +3Large Vision-Language ModelsRobust Watermarking

    East China Normal University Shanghai, China · Hasso Plattner Institute Potsdam, Germany · University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany +1

  16. MarkTune: Improving the Quality-Detectability Trade-off in Model-Embedded LLM Watermarking

    Dec 3, 2025Yizhou Zhao, Zhiwei Steven Wu, Adam BlockLLM WatermarkingRobust Watermarking

    University of Pennsylvania · Carnegie Mellon University · Columbia University

  17. Robust GNN Watermarking via Implicit Perception of Topological Invariants

    Oct 29, 2025Jipeng Li, Yanning ShenRobust WatermarkingMulti-Bit Watermarking

    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA · Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA

  18. Is Multilingual LLM Watermarking Truly Multilingual? Scaling Robustness to 100+ Languages via Back-Translation

    Oct 20, 2025Asim Mohamed, Martin GubriMultilingual Language Model EvaluationBack-Translation

    Parameter Lab · École Polytechnique, IP Paris, CNRS

  19. Watermarking Diffusion Language Models

    Sep 29, 2025Thibaud Gloaguen, Robin Staab, Nikola Jovanović +1Diffusion Model WatermarkingLLM Watermarking

    ETH Zurich

  20. LoT-Pass: Long-term-robust Image Watermarking for Image to Video Generation

    Sep 22, 2025Guanjie Wang, Zehua Ma, Han Fang +1Diffusion Model WatermarkingImage-to-Video Generation

    University of Science and Technology of China

  21. CertDW: Towards Certified Dataset Ownership Verification via Conformal Calibration

    Jun 16, 2025Ting Qiao, Yiming Li, Jianbin Li +5Dataset WatermarkingRobust Watermarking

    School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing,102206, China · College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore · School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China +2

  22. The Feasibility of Topic-Based Watermarking on Academic Peer Reviews

    May 27, 2025Alexander Nemecek, Yuzhou Jiang, Erman AydayText WatermarkingLLM Watermarking

    Case Western Reserve University

  23. TraceMark-LDM: Authenticatable Watermarking for Latent Diffusion Models via Binary-Guided Rearrangement

    Mar 30, 2025Wenhao Luo, Zhangyi Shen, Ye Yao +3Diffusion Model WatermarkingLatent Diffusion Models

    Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, ZJ 310018, China · Nanchang University, Nanchang, JX 330031, China · School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China +1

  24. X-SG2^2S: Safe and Generalizable Gaussian Splatting with X-dimensional Watermarks

    Feb 13, 2025Zihang Cheng, Wentao Bao, Huiping Zhuang +63D Gaussian SplattingMultimodal Embedding

    South China University of Technology · Shenzhen MSU-BIT University · Peking University +1

  25. LVMark: Robust Watermark for Latent Video Diffusion Models

    Dec 12, 2024Youngdong Jang, MinHyuk Jang, JaeHyeok Lee +4Diffusion Model WatermarkingVideo Diffusion Models

    Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea · Google DeepMind, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA

  26. GENIE: Watermarking Graph Neural Networks for Link Prediction

    Jun 7, 2024Venkata Sai Pranav Bachina, Aaryan Ajay Sharma, Ankit Gangwal +1Graph Neural NetworksRobust Watermarking

    IIIT Hyderabad, India

  27. Watermarking Continuous Tabular Data Generation

    May 22, 2024Hengzhi He, Peiyu Yu, Junpeng Ren +2Dataset WatermarkingRobust Watermarking

  28. Optimizing watermarks for large language models

    Dec 28, 2023Bram WoutersLLM WatermarkingRobust Watermarking

    University of Amsterdam