cs.CVNov 1, 2026

CNN-Based Retinal OCT Classification: Research Gap Analysis and a From-Scratch Baseline, ED126-A

Authors: Shkelqim Sherifi

Organizations: Dept. of Computer Science, University of Tetovo, Tetove, R.N.Macedonia

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Abstract

Automated classification of retinal pathologies from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images remains challenging because diagnostically relevant morphological patterns may exhibit substantial inter-class similarity. Although high classification accuracies have been reported on benchmark OCT datasets, cross-study comparison is limited by heterogeneous evaluation protocols and by the limited characterization of compact convolutional neural network (CNN) baselines trained from random initialization. This study addresses this gap through two contributions. First, it provides a focused review of CNN-based retinal OCT classification and identifies methodological considerations relevant to controlled benchmarking. Second, it presents ED126-A, a purpose-built four-class CNN baseline trained from scratch under a documented experimental protocol on the Kermany labeled OCT dataset. The model contains 1,241,380 total parameters, including 1,239,460 trainable parameters, and is evaluated using training-dynamics analysis, class-wise performance metrics, confusion-matrix analysis, confidence analysis, t-SNE representation-space visualization, Grad-CAM, hierarchical feature-map analysis, and one-vs-rest ROC/Precision-Recall analysis. On the image-level held-out test set, ED126-A achieved 95.03% accuracy, with a macro-F1 of 0.9205 and a weighted-F1 of 0.9521. The principal class-conditional limitation occurred for Drusen, which attained a recall of 0.9605 but a precision of 0.7493 and an F1-score of 0.8419. The confusion matrix identified Normal to Drusen and CNV to Drusen as major error channels. These results support the use of ED126-A as a documented from-scratch reference baseline and provide an empirical basis for controlled evaluation of transfer learning, increased depth, attention, multi-scale feature fusion, and calibration in subsequent studies.

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