Medical LLMs

LLM: Large Language Model

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Overview

Medical large language models are studied for tasks such as diagnosis, clinical coding, note summarization, triage, and patient communication. Common approaches include clinical pretraining and fine-tuning, retrieval-augmented generation with guidelines or knowledge graphs, tool-using agents, and multimodal models that combine text with images or structured records. Evaluation ranges from question-answering benchmarks to realistic consultations, EHR workflows, and clinician studies, with growing attention to calibration, privacy, bias, and evidence grounding. A central challenge is that strong scores on fixed tests do not ensure reliable behavior with incomplete or changing information, misleading patient input, or high-stakes decisions, so human oversight and real-world validation remain important.

Latest papers

CardsList

402 papers40 papers in the last four weeks, up 29% on the four weeks before. 0.2% of all new papers.

  1. Decision and System One models in rheumatology: accuracy and calibration on specialty-training examination questions and diagnostic case vignettes

    Oct 29, 2026Alfredo Madrid-García, Diego Benavent, Fabian Lechner +3Clinical Language Model EvaluationMedical LLMs

    Independent researcher, Madrid, Spain · Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain · Institute for Digital Medicine, Marburg University, Marburg, Germany +1

  2. Fu-TCM: a multimodal large language model that learns traditional Chinese medicine diagnostic reasoning

    Oct 28, 2026Jiahang Xie, Tong Jin, Lingfei Wu +9Medical LLMsTraditional Chinese Medicine

    School of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China · School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China · The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China +3

  3. Keepace.ai: A Technical Report on a Large Language Model for Sports and Health

    Oct 28, 2026Keepace. ai Team, Bowen Wu, Heng Wang +12Medical LLMsLLM Safety Evaluation

  4. Large Language Models for Accurate Medical Chart Abstraction: Enabling Scalable and Secure Artificial Intelligence Deployment in Stroke

    Oct 27, 2026Zhusi Zhong, Carl M. Porto, David Hong +13Clinical Information ExtractionMedical LLMs

    Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence 02903, USA · Department of Radiology, Brown University Health, Providence 02903, USA · Department of Neurosurgery, Brown University Health, Providence 02903, USA +1

  5. MedConstBench: Benchmarking How Constitutions Steer LLMs in Medical Ethics

    Oct 27, 2026Yibo Yang, Zerui Huang, Haomiao Yang +1Medical LLMsMoral Reasoning in Language Models

    Independent Researcher, China · Xinjin District People’s Hospital, China · University of Exeter, United Kingdom

  6. OA-RAG: Ontology-based Agentic RAG for Faithful LLM Reasoning

    Oct 26, 2026Hui Yang, Jiaoyan Chen, Yongsheng GaoAgentic RAGRetrieval-Augmented Generation

    The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom · SNOMED International, London, United Kingdom

  7. Ontology-guided multi-agent reasoning for explainable differential diagnosis

    Oct 26, 2026Roxana Ramona Szomiu, George Ursu, Adrian GrozaDifferential DiagnosisClinical Reasoning

  8. Patient-specific rubric-based evaluation of large language models across longitudinal cancer care

    Oct 26, 2026Wei-Wei Zhang, Pengkai Wang, Yan Li +13Clinical Language Model EvaluationMedical LLMs

    Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. · Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China. · Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China. +2

  9. DocTalk: Enhancing Medical Knowledge Retrieval via Fine-tuned Large Language Models with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Robust Clinical Decision Support

    Oct 26, 2026Asad Gohar, Md Ariful Islam Mozumder, Moon-Il Joo +1Clinical QAEHR QA

    Institute of Digital Anti-Aging HealthCare, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea

  10. Perturbation-Based Data Selection for Medical Question Answering

    Oct 24, 2026Yuexin Wu, Dayou Yu, Vasile RusData SelectionData Selection for Language Model Fine-Tuning

    Department of Computer Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA

  11. ALLMTS: Automated LLM-based Medical Triage System

    Oct 23, 2026Michał Remigiusz Janiszewski, Artur Stopa, Łukasz Lenkiewicz +2Clinical TriageClinical Decision Support

    Vstorm, R&D, Poland · Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland · Faculty of Computer Science, AGH University of Kraków, Kraków, Poland +1

  12. MedCaseAgent: From Multimodal Clinical Evidence to Rare Disease Case Reports

    Oct 23, 2026Hongkang Chu, Yifan Shen, Tianjiao Yu +4Medical Report GenerationMedical LLMs

    PediaMed AI · University of Chinese Academy of Sciences · University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign +3

  13. The LLENS Platform for On-Premises Large Language Model Agents in a Japanese University Hospital: Development and Evaluation Study

    Oct 23, 2026Ken Enda, Jien Saito, Masami Mukai +12LLM AgentsLLM Agent Harnesses

    Division of AI Support for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan · Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan · Technoplasm Inc., Sapporo, Japan +5

  14. Large language models show systematic failures in incorporating evolving medical knowledge

    Oct 22, 2026Min Zeng, Zaifu Zhan, Kai Yu +1Medical LLMsLLM Reliability

    Division of Computational Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, MN, USA.

  15. PFedQFT: Personalized Federated Quantum-Inspired Fine-Tuning for Medical Large Language Models

    Oct 19, 2026Qihan Huang, Lingxia Zhang, Guye Zhang +2Federated Fine-TuningFederated Learning

    Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China · Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information, Ministry of Education, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China · Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China +1

  16. CasePlay: Self-Play Reinforcement Learning from Case Reports for Medical Reasoning

    Oct 18, 2026Hao Wang, Zihan Wang, Kai Wu +6Self-Play RLRL for Language Model Reasoning

    City University of Hong Kong · Northeastern University · Tongji University +2

  17. Documenting Trofinetide Treatment Phenotypes in Rett Syndrome with a Dual-LLM Consensus Pipeline

    Oct 15, 2026Daniel Palacios, Guantong Qi, Mikael Guzman Karlsson +6Clinical Information ExtractionMedical LLMs

    Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA · Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA · Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA +5

  18. CausalEvo: Causal Skill Self-Evolution for Health LLM Agents

    Oct 14, 2026Yuchen ZhangLLM Agent Self-ImprovementLLM Agent Skill Learning

    The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

  19. MedSonor: Learning to Use Clinical Audio in Medical LLMs

    Oct 14, 2026Geyang Yu, Junying Chen, Benyou WangMedical LLMsAudio-Language Models

    The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen

  20. Single-Pass Decision Scores Enable Rapid Classification with Adjustable Thresholds in Medical Multimodal Large Language Models

    Oct 14, 2026Patrick Wienholt, Frederik Hauke, Christiane Kuhl +3Medical LLMsMultimodal Classification

    Lab for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. · Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. · Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. +2

  21. Beyond ICD Codes: Semantic IDs for Generative Medical Coding

    Oct 13, 2026Yihang Cheng, Qian Zhang, Yonghui +3Automated Medical CodingMedical LLMs

    Andie · Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand · South China Normal University Guangzhou, China +1

  22. Verification Turns Capability Gaps into Routing Decisions: Small Language Models for Clinical Documentation

    Oct 13, 2026Nina Fatehi, Meysam Ghaffari, Animesh Agarwal +2Medical Report GenerationMedical LLMs

    Optum

  23. From Hindsight to Foresight: Dissecting Clinical Evidence Acquisition in Large Language Models

    Oct 13, 2026Ziyang LingMedical LLMsClinical Language Model Evaluation

    School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China

  24. How Safe Is ChatGPT Health Advice? Evidence from Real User Conversations in Four Global South Countries

    Oct 13, 2026Shreyasi Roy Chowdhury, Kiran GarimellaLLM SafetyLanguage Model Safety Evaluation

    Independent Researcher · Rutgers University

  25. UMCR: Universal Medical Concept Recognition through Guideline Integration and Agentic Linking

    Oct 12, 2026Fabrice Lamarche, Amal ZouaqBiomedical Entity LinkingClinical Information Extraction

    LAMA-WeST Lab, Polytechnique Montréal, Mila – Quebec AI Institute

  26. Audit Before You Distill: A Controlled Workflow for Reasoning Transfer into Compact Medical Language Models

    Oct 12, 2026Tiago Martinelli, João Paulo Papa, Adriano José PereiraLanguage Model DistillationMedical LLMs

    Einstein Global Advanced Technologies for Equity (E-GATE), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil · Institute of Science and Technology Itaú (ICTi), Itaú Unibanco, São Paulo, SP, Brazil · School of Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil

  27. More Reasoning Is Not Always Better: Executing Clinical Guidelines with LLMs and Rules

    Oct 11, 2026Xiaoqian Lu, Guangfu Guo, Long Cheng +1Clinical Decision SupportMedical LLMs

    University of Ottawa · Clemson University

  28. Lingdan-V2: Large language models for clinically grounded reasoning in traditional Chinese medicine

    Oct 10, 2026Rui Hua, Yu Wei, Ziri Jin +15Traditional Chinese MedicineMedical LLMs

    School of Computer Science & Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China · Tianjin Tasly Digital Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300410, China · Tasly Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300410, China +8

  29. RES-MR: Risk-Aware Reasoning for Explainable and Safe Medication Recommendation

    Oct 10, 2026Cong Wang, Jin Li, Shoujin Wang +3Medication RecommendationClinical Decision Support

    Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences); Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computing Power Internet and Service Computing, Shandong Fundamental Research Center for Computer Science, Jinan, Shandong, China · University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

  30. Clinician use of language models diverges from how the models are evaluated

    Oct 8, 2026Krithik Vishwanath, Haitong Lin, Anton Alyakin +19Clinical Language Model EvaluationMedical LLMs

    Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA · Department of Technology Management, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA · Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA +18