Program Synthesis

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Overview

Program synthesis studies how to turn desired behavior into executable code, from small transformations and algorithms to robot policies and engineering designs. Methods include enumerative and constraint-based search over domain-specific languages, learning programs from input-output examples, and language-model proposals refined through execution, counterexamples, or formal verification. These approaches can produce reusable, inspectable programs and support settings such as CAD, GPU optimization, and verified software; benchmarks such as ARC-AGI, PBEBench, and ProgramBench test how well systems infer behavior and generalize. Systems are increasingly effective when tasks have clear constraints and feedback, but open-ended synthesis remains difficult: plausible code may fail behavioral tests, miss the intended specification, or generalize poorly beyond the examples and search budget.

Latest papers

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182 papers29 papers in the last four weeks, up 61% on the four weeks before. 0.2% of all new papers.

  1. AeroTherm-GPT: A Verification-Centered LLM Framework for Thermal Protection System Engineering Workflows

    Apr 2, 2026Chuhan Qiao, Jinglai Zheng, Jie Huang +3LLM Agent Workflow OptimizationConstrained Generative Modeling

    School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China · Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing, 100076, China

  2. CuTeGen: An LLM-Based Agentic Framework for Generation and Optimization of High-Performance GPU Kernels using CuTe

    Apr 1, 2026Tara Saba, Zhiyang Chen, Jikai Jason Li +3GPU Kernel GenerationGPU Kernel Optimization

    Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto · Standard Kernel

  3. Do Neurons Dream of Primitive Operators? Wake-Sleep Compression Rediscovers Schank's Event Semantics

    Mar 26, 2026Peter BaloghComputational Cognitive ModelingProgram Synthesis

  4. SEVerA: Verified Synthesis of Self-Evolving Agents

    Mar 26, 2026Debangshu Banerjee, Changming Xu, Eugene Ie +5Agentic Code GenerationSelf-Evolving Agents

    University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA · Google, USA

  5. Sketch2Simulation: Automating Flowsheet Generation via Multi Agent Large Language Models

    Mar 25, 2026Abdullah Bahamdan, Emma Pajak, John D. Hedengren +1Program Synthesis

    Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom · Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States

  6. Early Discoveries of Algorithmist I: Promise of Provable Algorithm Synthesis at Scale

    Mar 23, 2026Janardhan KulkarniAutomated Algorithm DiscoveryProgram Synthesis

  7. Bootstrapping Coding Agents: The Specification Is the Program

    Mar 18, 2026Martin MonperrusAI Coding AgentsLLM-Based Program Synthesis

    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.

  8. CircuitBuilder: From Polynomials to Circuits via Reinforcement Learning

    Mar 17, 2026Weikun K. Zhang, Rohan Pandey, Bhaumik Mehta +5Program Synthesis

    University of Washington

  9. FactorEngine: A Program-level Knowledge-Infused Factor Mining Framework for Quantitative Investment

    Mar 17, 2026Qinhong Lin, Ruitao Feng, Yinglun Feng +7Alpha Factor DiscoveryQuantitative Finance

    Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China · Beijing Value Simplex Technology Co., Ltd., China · Yangtze Delta Research Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China +1

  10. FactorSmith: Agentic Simulation Generation via Markov Decision Process Decomposition with Planner-Designer-Critic Refinement

    Mar 15, 2026Ali Shamsaddinlou, Morteza NourelahiAlamdariRobust Partially Observable Markov Decision ProcessesProgram Synthesis

  11. The ARC of Progress towards AGI: A Living Survey of Abstraction and Reasoning

    Mar 9, 2026Sahar Vahdati, Andrei Aioanei, Haridhra Suresh +1Abstract ReasoningARC-AGI

    TIB - Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology · L3S Research Center, Leibniz University of Hannover · Dresden University of Technology +1

  12. Learning From Design Procedure To Generate CAD Programs for Data Augmentation

    Mar 6, 2026Yan-Ying Chen, Dule Shu, Matthew Hong +3Synthetic Data AugmentationLLM-Based Program Synthesis

    Toyota Research Institute Pittsburgh, PA 15213

  13. Symmetry-Constrained Language-Guided Program Synthesis for Discovering Governing Equations from Noisy and Partial Observations

    Mar 6, 2026Mirza Samad Ahmed Baig, Syeda Anshrah GillaniODE DiscoveryAutonomous Scientific Discovery

    Fandaqah (Owned by Dyafa), Al Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia · Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan

  14. RoboCritics: Enabling Reliable End-to-End LLM Robot Programming through Expert-Informed Critics

    Mar 6, 2026Callie Y. Kim, Nathan Thomas White, Evan He +2Robot SafetyProgram Synthesis

    Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

  15. Mining Beyond the Bools: Learning Data Transformations and Temporal Specifications

    Mar 5, 2026Sam Nicholas Kouteili, William Fishell, Christian Scaff +2Linear Temporal LogicProgram Synthesis

    Yale University · Columbia University · Barnard College, Columbia University

  16. StitchCUDA: An Automated Multi-Agents End-to-End GPU Programing Framework with Rubric-based Agentic Reinforcement Learning

    Mar 3, 2026Shiyang Li, Zijian Zhang, Winson Chen +3Program SynthesisGPU Kernel Generation

    University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA.

  17. ParEVO: Synthesizing Code for Irregular Data: High-Performance Parallelism through Agentic Evolution

    Mar 3, 2026Liu Yang, Zeyu Nie, Andrew Liu +4High-Performance ComputingCode Generation

    Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA · Google DeepMind, Mountain View, CA, USA

  18. NeuroProlog: Multi-Task Fine-Tuning for Neurosymbolic Mathematical Reasoning via the Cocktail Effect

    Mar 3, 2026Pratibha Zunjare, Michael HsiaoLLM Mathematical ReasoningNeuro-Symbolic Reasoning

    Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA

  19. Incremental LTLf Synthesis

    Mar 1, 2026Giuseppe De Giacomo, Yves Lespérance, Gianmarco Parretti +2Program SynthesisLinear Temporal Logic

    University of Oxford · University of Rome “La Sapienza” · York University +1

  20. Foundation World Models for Agents that Learn, Verify, and Adapt Reliably Beyond Static Environments

    Feb 27, 2026Florent DelgrangeFormal Methods for RLWorld Models

    AI Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel & Flanders Make Brussels, Belgium

  21. ActionEngine: From Reactive to Programmatic Web Agents via State Machine Memory

    Feb 24, 2026Hongbin Zhong, Fazle Faisal, Luis França +4Agent MemoryLLM Agent Memory

    Georgia Tech USA · Microsoft Research USA

  22. Safe and Interpretable Multimodal Path Planning for Multi-Agent Cooperation

    Feb 22, 2026Haojun Shi, Suyu Ye, Katherine M. Guerrerio +5Multi-Agent PlanningMulti-Robot Coordination

    Johns Hopkins University

  23. Automated Generation of Microfluidic Netlists using Large Language Models

    Feb 22, 2026Jasper Davidson, Skylar Stockham, Allen Boston +3Program SynthesisLLM Code Generation

    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah · Primis AI, Inc.

  24. Synthesis and Verification of Transformer Programs (Technical Report)

    Feb 18, 2026Hongjian Jiang, Matthew Hague, Philipp Rümmer +1Program SynthesisFormal Verification

    University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany · Royal Holloway, University of London, England · Uppsala University, Sweden +2

  25. CADReasoner: Iterative Program Editing for CAD Reverse Engineering

    Feb 18, 2026Soslan Kabisov, Vsevolod Kirichuk, Andrey Volkov +5Parametric CAD Modeling3D Reconstruction

    Lomonosov Moscow State University · Universit´e Paris Dauphine · Innopolis University +1

  26. Discovering High Level Patterns from Simulation Traces

    Feb 10, 2026Sean Memery, Kartic SubrLLM GroundingProgram Synthesis

    University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom

  27. Doc2Spec: Synthesizing Formal Programming Specifications from Natural Language via Grammar Induction

    Jan 30, 2026Shihao Xia, Mengting He, Haomin Jia +2AutoformalizationProgram Synthesis

    The Pennsylvania State University · University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences · Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

  28. Compositional Machine Design as Program Synthesis with LLMs

    Oct 16, 2025Wenqian Zhang, Yangyi Huang, Weiyang Liu +1LLM-Based Program SynthesisProgram Synthesis

    The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen · The Chinese University of Hong Kong

  29. Rational Inverse Reasoning: Few-Shot Imitation by Inferring Intent through Planning

    Aug 12, 2025Ben Zandonati, Tomás Lozano-Pérez, Leslie Pack KaelblingRobot Skill LearningGeneralization in Robotic Manipulation

    MIT CSAIL

  30. 3D Software Synthesis Driven by Constraint-Expressive Intermediate Representation

    Jul 24, 2025Shuqing Li, Anson Y. Lam, Yun Peng +2Program Synthesis3D Scene Generation

    The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China · Renmin University of China Beijing, China