Overview

Black-box optimization studies how to choose inputs that maximize or minimize an objective when its internal workings or gradients are unavailable, often because each evaluation is costly. Common approaches include Gaussian-process Bayesian optimization, evolutionary strategies such as CMA-ES and differential evolution, and bandit or partitioning methods that balance exploration with refinement. Surrogate models, multi-fidelity evaluations, and learned or generative proposals extend these methods to noisy, constrained, discrete, and high-dimensional tasks, including scientific design and system tuning. Benchmarks such as COCO/BBOB and CEC help compare methods, but performance often depends on the problem and evaluation budget, leaving robust transfer and fair comparisons across settings as central challenges.

Latest papers

CardsList

177 papers25 papers in the last four weeks, up 25% on the four weeks before. 0.1% of all new papers.

  1. Information-Geometric Optimization on Spheres

    May 27, 2026Vladimir Ja\' cimovićInformation GeometryKuramoto Model

  2. Learning to Assess the Reliability of Number-of-Runs Estimation in Stochastic Optimization

    May 27, 2026Sara Gjorgjieva, Eva Tuba, Tome EftimovStochastic OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  3. On the Structural (Dis)Agreement of Landscape Representations in Black-Box Optimization

    May 27, 2026Sara Gjorgjieva, Eva Tuba, Barbara Koroušić Seljak +2Fitness Landscape AnalysisRepresentation Learning

  4. Probabilistic Smoothing with Ratio-Monotone Transforms for Global Optimization

    May 26, 2026Kukyoung Jang, Taehyun Cho, Junrui Zhang +2Black-Box OptimizationGlobal Optimization

  5. Self-Improvement Imitation with Biologically Guided Search for Protein Design Under Oracle Budgets

    May 26, 2026Ashima Khanna, Dominik GrimmSurrogate-Assisted OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  6. An Open-Source Training Dataset for Foundation Models for Black-box Optimization

    May 22, 2026Aaron Klein, Herilalaina Rakotoarison, Luca Thale-Bombien +1Black-Box OptimizationLearning to Optimize

  7. Beyond Numerical Features: CNN-Driven Algorithm Selection via Contour Plots for Continuous Black-Box Optimization

    May 20, 2026Yiliang Yuan, Xiang Shi, Mustafa MisirAlgorithm SelectionBlack-Box Optimization

  8. optimize_anything: A Universal API for Optimizing any Text Parameter

    May 19, 2026Lakshya A Agrawal, Donghyun Lee, Shangyin Tan +11Black-Box OptimizationLarge Language Model-Guided Optimization

  9. Adaptive Stochastic Natural Gradient Method for Safe Optimization on Binary Space

    May 18, 2026Kento Uchida, Ryoki Hamano, Masahiro Nomura +1Black-Box OptimizationNatural Gradient Methods

  10. BoLT: A Benchmark to Democratize Black-box Optimization Research for Expensive LLM Tasks

    May 16, 2026Ruth Wan Theng Chew, Zhiliang Chen, Apivich Hemachandra +1Bayesian OptimizationBenchmark Design

  11. WASHH: An Anchor-Aware Whale-Guided Selection Hyper-Heuristic for Continuous Optimization and SVC Configuration

    May 13, 2026Yifu Zhao, Xiaofan Zou, Junhao Wei +9Black-Box OptimizationMetaheuristic Optimization

  12. A Family of Quaternion-Valued Differential Evolution Algorithms for Numerical Function Optimization

    May 12, 2026Gerardo Altamirano-Gomez, Álvaro Gallardo, Carlos Ignacio Hernández CastellanosDifferential EvolutionEvolutionary Optimization

  13. Black-Box Optimization of Mixed Binary-Continuous Variables: Challenges and Opportunities in Evolutionary Model Merging

    May 12, 2026Md. Robiul Islam Niloy, Youhei AkimotoEvolutionary OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  14. Support-Proximity Augmented Diffusion Estimation for Offline Black-Box Optimization

    May 11, 2026Yonghan Yang, Ye Yuan, Zipeng Sun +5Surrogate ModelingSurrogate-Assisted Optimization

  15. Regret Analysis of Guided Diffusion for Black-Box Optimization over Structured Inputs

    May 11, 2026Masaki Adachi, Anita Yang, Yakun Wang +1Bayesian OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  16. ARES-LSHADE: Autoresearch-Enhanced LSHADE with Memetic Polish for the GNBG Benchmark

    May 9, 2026Abdullah Naeem, Md Wasi Ul kabir, Manish Bhatt +3Differential EvolutionEvolutionary Optimization

  17. Drain-Vortex Optimization: A Population-Based Metaheuristic Inspired by Multi-Drain Free-Vortex Flow

    May 9, 2026Mohsen Omidi, Brian VaughanBlack-Box OptimizationMetaheuristic Optimization

  18. ADKO: Agentic Decentralized Knowledge Optimization

    May 8, 2026Lucas Nerone Rillo, Zhanhong Jiang, Nastaran Saadati +4Multi-Agent System OptimizationAI Agents for Scientific Discovery

  19. POETS: Uncertainty-Aware LLM Optimization via Compute-Efficient Policy Ensembles

    May 8, 2026Nicolas Menet, Andreas Krause, Abbas RahimiThompson SamplingBlack-Box Optimization

  20. Flow-Direct: Feedback-Efficient and Reusable Guidance for Flow Models via Non-Parametric Guidance Field

    May 8, 2026Kim Yong Tan, Yueming Lyu, Ivor Tsang +1Diffusion Model GuidanceBlack-Box Optimization

  21. In-Context Black-Box Optimization with Unreliable Feedback

    May 7, 2026Nicolas Samuel Blumer, Julien Martinelli, Samuel KaskiBayesian OptimizationBlack-Box Optimization

  22. S-LCG: Structured Linear Congruential Generator-Based Deterministic Algorithm for Search and Optimization

    May 6, 2026Ahmed Qasim Mohammed, Haider Banka, Anamika SinghBlack-Box OptimizationMetaheuristic Optimization

  23. On the Influence of the Feature Computation Budget on Per-Instance Algorithm Selection for Black-Box Optimization

    May 6, 2026Koen van der Blom, Diederick VermettenAlgorithm SelectionBlack-Box Optimization